Viburnum lantana L. and Viburnum opulus L. (V. lobatum Lam., Opulus vulgaris Borkh.) Author(s): Johannes Kollmann and Peter J. Grubb Source: Journal of Ecology, Vol. 90, No. 6 (Dec., 2002), pp. 1044-1070 Published by: British Ecological Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3072311 Accessed: 23/03/2010 10:24 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=briteco. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. British Ecological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Ecology. http://www.jstor.org Journalof BIOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE BRITISH ISLES* No. 226 Ecology 2002 90, 1044-1070 List Br. Vasc. P1. (1958) No. 488.1, 3 Viburnumlantana L. and Viburnumopulus L. (V lobatum Lam., Opulus vulgarisBorkh.) JOHANNES KOLLMANNt and PETER J. GRUBBt tDepartment of Ecology, Royal Veterinaryand Agricultural University,Rolighedsvej 21, 1958 FrederiksbergC, Denmark;and tDepartment of Plant Sciences, Universityof Cambridge,Downing Street, CambridgeCB2 3EA, UK Viburnum lantana (Sectio Viburnum). Traditionally flowers. All flowers are fertile and of similar size and placed in Caprifoliaceae, but now in Adoxaceae (Ste- form, with an unpleasant smell; they have almost no vens 2002). A shrub up to 4(-6) m tall, with a dense pedicel but two small bracts. Calyx reduced to five very growth form partly caused by adventitious shoots and small teeth, about 0.5 mm long. Corolla creamy-white, rooting of branches in close contact to the ground. rotate,funnel-shaped (3-5 mm long and about 4-8 mm Despite the common name 'wayfaring tree' it seldom wide at the mouth) with five spreading lobes, lobes forms a single main trunk, but is usually much twice as long as the tube. The five stamens only slightly branched from near the base. Twigs terete with few len- longer than the corolla; yellow anthers open toward the ticels, grey-brown with dense stellate hairs in their first centre of the flower. Stigma three-lobed. Ovary infer- year, but less hairy and sometimes glabrous by the sec- ior, one-celled with a single pendent ovule; two carpels ond year; pith solid, white. Older branches smooth- remain undeveloped. barked, reddish-brown, may still be somewhat hairy. Fruit a strongly flattened oval drupe, with a shiny Fine roots on mature plants mid-brown, 0.3-0.5 mm skin and scattered stellate hairs, 7-11 mm long, 5- wide (5 mm back from apex); rootlets 10-15 mm long 8 mm wide and 4-7 mm thick, ripening yellow-green, commonly have 3-4 branches; on longer rootlets (up red, then black. Stone single, flat, leathery, with four to 60 mm) there is a dense array of much branched ventral and three dorsal ribs, up to 8-8.5 x 5.5- laterals. The species is deciduous when adult but tends 6.5 x 1.5 mm; mean dry mass 35 mg(Lee et al. 1991) to to be evergreen as a juvenile (first post-cotyledonary 44 mg (Rep. Capac.). leaves on seedlings may last at least 2 years). Two varieties occur naturally in Britain: var. lantana Leaves opposite, exstipulate; petiole (0.5-)1-3(-4) and var.glabratum Chab. (= var. virideKern.). The latter cm long, flattened above, and on the largest leaves with is distinguished by having at anthesis stellate hairs only a groove (< 1 mm deep) along its whole length, most on the undersidesof the leaf veins, and these hairs drop- densely hairy on the edges of the groove; without ping later so that the underside of the leaf looks green glands. Lamina ovate or elongate-ovate, usually acute, (Chabert 1884); in Britain it seems to be confined to the slightly cordate at base (3-)4-14(-16) x (2-)3-9(-12) south-westof Englandand Wales,east to the Isle of Wight cm and serrulate (rarely crenulate); rugose, dark green (P. D. Sell & G. Murrell, pers. comm.). Druce (1926) and nearly hairless above. In the type variety (lantana) recordedvar. viridefrom Buckinghamshire,but we have the undersides of the leaves appear whitish grey as they seen no specimen. Hegi (1926) described f. cuspidatum carry dense stellate hairs, smaller on the veins than L. et K. Rechinger from Austria; it has acuminate between them. Winter-buds naked (i.e. without differ- leaves. Cultivarsare Aureum','Rugosum','Variegatum', entiated bud scales) but covered by dense stellate hairs; 'Versicolor' and 'Xanthocarpum' (Krussmann 1962). flower buds at least partly covered by bracts. See VIII (B) for hybridscommonly plantedas' V lantana'. Inflorescences terminal, flat-topped, umbel-like Viburnumopulus (Sectio Opulus).A deciduous shrub compound cymes 6-10 cm across, with a hairy stalk up to 4 m tall; it frequently forms adventitious roots 10-20(-25) mm above the pair of leaves or shoot junc- and new vertical shoots on branches close to the tion below; primary axes of compound cyme one cen- ground. Branching pattern is close to a long/short tral and usually six lateral (up to seven), 15-25 mm shoot system. Twigs slightly 4-5-angled with few len- long; two to five secondary axes, 6-15 mm long; and ticels, glabrous, bright green in their first year, later one to five tertiary axes, 5-10 mm long, each with 1-4 yellow-grey; pith solid, white. Older branches striped grey and reddish-brown. Fine roots on mature plants mid-brown, c. 1 mm wide (5 mm back from apex); *Abbreviatedreferences are used for standard see works; rootlets 10-15 mm long commonly have only one Journal 63,335-344.Nomenclature of vas- of Ecology(1975), branch. rootlets 60 mm have cular plants follows Flora Europaeaand, where different, Longer (< long) ? 2002 British Stace(1997). unbranched laterals < 12 mm long at intervals of 3- EcologicalSociety Correspondence:Johannes Kollmann (e-mail [email protected]) 10 mm. 1045 Leavesopposite, stipulate, petiole 1-2(-3) cm long. fromflowering shoots and those from sterile long shoots, Viburnumlantana Lamina with 3(-5) acuminate,irregularly and shal- but leaf formchanged from the baseto the top of long and Viburnum lowly dentatelobes (2-)4-9(-13) x (2-)3-8(-12) cm; shoots and therewas considerablevariation between opulus freshgreen and glabrouson the upperside, sparingly populations.The cultivar'Roseum' ('snowball tree'), pubescentor glabrescentbeneath - in particular,hairs with a moreglobose compound cyme and only sterile occurnear the originsof lateralveins close to the mid- enlargedwhite flowers, is verywidely grown; less com- rib.Petiole always with a shallowgroove on the upper mon cultivarsare 'Aureum','Compactum', 'Fructu- side all along it. Stipulespale green,parallel-sided but luteo', 'Nanum', 'Notcutt'sVariety', 'Park Harvest' acute-tipped(subulate), fused with the petiole and and 'Xanthocarpum'(Kriissmann 1962; Bean 1980). divergingfrom it 1-3(-5) mmabove the leaf base,2-5(- 10)mm long and0.2-0.7 mmwide. Extrafloral nectar- I. Geographical and altitudinal distribution ies variablewith a size of 0.5-1 mm;on someleaves up to fivepairs and/or extending onto theedge of the lam- Viburnumlantana is almostconfined to Europe,and V ina. Oftennectaries in a 'pair'offset along the petiole. opulusmainly European, but relatedtaxa arefound in Thenumber of nectariesper leaf is not simplyrelated to the temperatezone of EastAsia, whichis the centreof laminaarea (comparing whole shrubs) but is generally diversityof thesection Viburnum, and in North America, smalleron shadeleaves than on sunleaves. For the lim- whichis the centreof diversityof the section Opulus. ited activityof the nectariessee VI (E). Occasionally Naked overwinteringbuds in V lantanaand develop- stipulesarising a few mm abovethe axil end in a small ment of flowerbuds earlyin autumnsuggest that the nectary;Goebel (1922;p. 1426)argued that the 'stip- plantis suitedto relativelymild climates, but compared ules' are actuallyreduced extrafloral nectaries. Buds with V rhytidophyllumHemsl. ex Forbes & Hemsl. shortly stalked (< 1 mm) with one to two pairs of fromsouth-western China, which has larger,evergreen scales,the outerpair partlyfused, red-brown,usually leaves and is often cultivated in gardens in north- glabrous,the innerpair even more fused, green with a westernand central Europe, V lantanamay perhaps be three-lobedtip. Basallong shoots havelong-lived ter- moresuited to climaticconditions in theseareas where minal buds,which are six-sided;their scales are par- thereare few nativebroad-leaved evergreens. Both V ticularlydistinct as rudimentaryleaf bases. Flower lantanaand V opulusare typicallyfound in scrub, budsrounder than vegetativeones. woods and hedges,the formeron calcareoussoils and Inflorescencesterminal, on glabrous or shortly the latterespecially on dampsoils. glandularstalks 1-4 cm long abovethe highestpair of Viburnumlantana is found in western,central and leaves, flat-topped,umbel-like compound cymes 5- southernEurope (Fig. la); the rangeis similarto that 10 cm across;laxer than in V lantana,and the flowers of Ligustrumvulgare and can be characterizedas of unequalsize, there being a singlerow of muchlarger 'Europeantemperate' sensu Preston & Hill (1997).