THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENT IN BIBLICAL HEBREW PREPOSITIONS: A CASE STUDY IN GRAMMATICALIZATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY HUMPHREY HILL HARDY II CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2014 Copyright © 2014 by HUMPHREY HILL HARDY II All rights reserved. To Katy ִא ָּׁשהָּׁיְִָּׁרַאת־יהוהִָּׁהיאִָּׁתְתַה לָּׁל Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................ xxvii List of Tables ............................................................................................................... xxxi Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... xxxiii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. xxxv Transliteration ........................................................................................................ xxxviii 1 Introduction and Analysis Framework ..................................................................... 1 1.1 Towards a Definition......................................................................................... 4 1.2 Grammaticalization of FUTURE Markers in English .......................................... 12 1.3 Issues in Grammaticalization Theory .............................................................. 16 1.3.1 Evolutional Continuum & Interrelated Mechanisms .................................. 16 1.3.1.1 Desemanticization ............................................................................... 18 1.3.1.2 Functional Extension ........................................................................... 20 1.3.1.3 Decategorization ................................................................................. 23 iv 1.3.1.4 Erosion ................................................................................................ 25 1.3.1.5 The "Overlap Model" ........................................................................... 29 1.3.2 Six Parameters ........................................................................................... 30 1.3.2.1 Integrity .............................................................................................. 32 1.3.2.2 Structural Scope .................................................................................. 32 1.3.2.3 Paradigmaticity ................................................................................... 33 1.3.2.4 Cohesion ............................................................................................. 34 1.3.2.5 Paradigmatic Variability ..................................................................... 34 1.3.2.6 Syntagmatic Variability ....................................................................... 36 1.3.2.7 Parametric Correlation ........................................................................ 36 1.3.3 Theoretical Framework for the Present Study ........................................... 37 1.3.3.1 Syntactic Reanalysis and Grammaticalization ..................................... 40 1.3.3.2 Unidirectionality, Degrammaticalization, and Lexicalization ............. 46 1.4 Studies of Grammaticalization in Semitic ....................................................... 49 v 1.5 Place of the Current Study .............................................................................. 54 1.6 Methodology of the Study ............................................................................... 56 2 Introduction to Simple Prepositions ....................................................................... 60 2.1 Overview of Semitic Prepositions ................................................................... 60 2.2 Classification of Hebrew Prepositions ............................................................. 63 2.3 Grammaticalization of Category II Prepositions ............................................. 67 ʾaḥar ............................................................................................ 68 אַחַ ר 2.3.1 2.3.1.1 Morphology of ʾaḥar ............................................................................ 69 2.3.1.2 Usage of ʾaḥar ..................................................................................... 70 2.3.1.2.1 Noun ('back') .................................................................................. 70 2.3.1.2.2 Locative Adverb ('behind') ............................................................. 71 2.3.1.2.3 PREP (BEHIND) ............................................................................. 73 2.3.1.2.4 PREP/ADVZ (AFTER) .................................................................... 74 2.3.1.2.5 PREP (ACCORDANTIVE) ............................................................... 77 vi 2.3.1.2.6 CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB (THEN) .................................................. 78 2.3.1.3 Grammaticalization of ʾaḥar ................................................................ 80 2.3.1.3.1 Noun ('back') > PREP (BEHIND)................................................... 81 2.3.1.3.2 PREP (BEHIND) > PREP/ADVZ (AFTER) ..................................... 82 2.3.1.3.3 PREP (AFTER/BEHIND) > PREP (COMITATIVE) ......................... 87 2.3.1.3.4 PREP (BEHIND) > PREP (ACCORDANTIVE) ................................ 89 2.3.1.3.5 PREP (AFTER) > CONJ ADV (THEN) ........................................... 90 2.3.1.4 Mapping the Grammaticalization Trajectories of ʾaḥar ....................... 92 ʾaḥare .......................................................................................... 94 אַחֲרֵ י 2.3.2 2.3.2.1 Morphology of ʾaḥare ........................................................................... 94 2.3.2.2 Usage of ʾaḥare ..................................................................................... 98 2.3.2.2.1 Noun ('back') .................................................................................. 98 2.3.2.2.2 PREP (BEHIND) ........................................................................... 101 2.3.2.2.3 PREP/ADVZ (AFTER) .................................................................. 102 vii 2.3.2.2.4 PREP (CAUSE) ............................................................................. 104 2.3.2.2.5 Prepositional-Verb Particles......................................................... 105 2.3.2.3 Grammaticalization of ʾaḥare ............................................................. 108 2.3.2.3.1 Noun ('back') > PREP (BEHIND) ................................................. 109 2.3.2.3.2 PREP (BEHIND) > PREP/ADVZ (AFTER) ................................... 110 2.3.2.3.3 PREP (AFTER) > PREP (CAUSE) ................................................ 113 2.3.2.3.4 PREP (BEHIND) > PARTICLE ..................................................... 115 2.3.2.4 Mapping the Grammaticalization Trajectories of ʾaḥare .................... 116 2.3.2.5 Comparison of ʾaḥar and ʾaḥare ......................................................... 117 ʾeṣɛl ............................................................................................ 119 אֵ צֶ ל 2.3.3 2.3.3.1 Morphology of ʾeṣɛl ........................................................................... 119 2.3.3.2 Usage of ʾeṣɛl ..................................................................................... 121 2.3.3.2.1 PREP (BESIDE) ............................................................................ 122 2.3.3.2.2 PREP (NEAR) ............................................................................... 123 viii 2.3.3.2.3 PREP (TOWARD) ......................................................................... 124 2.3.3.3 Grammaticalization of ʾeṣɛl ............................................................... 126 2.3.3.3.1 *Noun ('side') > PREP (BESIDE) ................................................. 127 2.3.3.3.2 PREP (BESIDE) > PREP (NEAR) ................................................. 128 2.3.3.3.3 PREP (BESIDE) > PREP (TOWARD) ........................................... 129 2.3.3.4 Mapping the Grammaticalization Trajectories of ʾeṣɛl ...................... 130 bayin ................................................................................................. 131 בַ יִן* 2.3.4 2.3.4.1 Morphology of *bayin ....................................................................... 131 2.3.4.2 Usage of *bayin ................................................................................. 133 2.3.4.2.1 Noun ('interval') ........................................................................... 136 2.3.4.2.2 PREP (BETWEEN) ........................................................................ 138 2.3.4.2.3 PREP (SEPARATIVE) ................................................................... 140 2.3.4.2.4 PREP (RECIPROCATIVE) ............................................................. 143 2.3.4.2.5 PREP (TEMPORAL) ...................................................................... 144 ix 2.3.4.3 Grammaticalization of *bayin ........................................................... 145 2.3.4.3.1 Noun ('interval') > PREP (BETWEEN) ........................................ 145 2.3.4.3.2 PREP (BETWEEN) > PREP (SEPARATIVE) ................................. 147 2.3.4.3.3 PREP (BETWEEN) > PREP (RECIPROCATIVE) ........................... 150 2.3.4.3.4 PREP (BETWEEN) > PREP (TEMPORAL) ..................................