Implementation of the MSFD to the Deep Mediterranean Sea IDEM Project Coordinator: Roberto Danovaro Review of literature on the implementation of the MSFD to the deep Mediterranean Sea. IDEM project Deliverable 1.1 Leader: Ifremer (Marie-Claire Fabri) Participants: CNR, CSIC, DFMR, ENEA, TAU, UB, UM, UUNIVNIVPMPM http://doi.org/10.13155/53809 Implementation of the second cycle of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: achieving coherent, coordinated and consistent updates of the determinations of good environmental status, initial assessments and environmental targets ______________________________________________________________________________ SUBMISSION DATE January | 2018 IDEM - Implementation of the MSFD to the Deep Mediterranean Sea How to cite this document: Fabri Marie-Claire, Brind'Amour Anik, Jadaud Angelique, Galgani Francois, Vaz Sandrine, Taviani Marco, Scarcella Giuseppe, Canals Miquel, Sanchez Anna, Grimalt Joan, Galil Bella, Goren Menachem, Schembri Patrick, Evans Julian, Knittweis Leyla, Cantafaro Anna-Lucia, Fanelli Emanuela, Carugati Laura, Danovaro Roberto (2018). Review of literature on the implementation of the MSFD to the deep Mediterranean Sea. IDEM project, Deliverable 1.1. 228 p. www.msfd-idem.eu . http://doi.org/10.13155/53809 IDEM - Review of Literature 2 IDEM - Implementation of the MSFD to the Deep Mediterranean Sea Table of Content INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 7 1 DESCRIPTOR 1: BIODIVERSITY .............................................................................................................. 9 1.1 STATE OF THE ART ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.1 Species groups of marine mammals, fish and cephalopods .......................................................... 10 1.1.2 Pelagic habitats ............................................................................................................................ 17 1.1.3 Benthic habitats ............................................................................................................................ 18 1.2 WHERE IS THE KNOWLEDGE ................................................................................................................... 32 1.3 HOW IS DIVERSITY MEASURED ................................................................................................................ 33 1.3.1 Methodological sampling aspects ................................................................................................. 33 1.3.2 The mortality rate per species from incidental by-catch (D1C1) - Primary ................................. 36 1.3.3 The population abundance of the species (D1C2) - Secondary .................................................... 37 1.3.4 The population demographic characteristics of the species (D1C3) - Secondary ........................ 37 1.3.5 The species distributional range (D1C4) - Secondary .................................................................. 38 1.3.6 The habitat extent and condition (D1C5) - Secondary .................................................................. 38 1.3.7 The condition of each habitat type (D1C6) - Primary .................................................................. 39 1.3.8 The extent of loss of the habitat type (D6C4) - Primary ............................................................... 39 1.3.9 The extent of adverse effects on the condition of the habitat type (D6C5) - Primary ................... 41 1.4 KNOWLEDGE ON THRESHOLD ................................................................................................................. 41 1.5 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 42 1.5.1 Gaps .............................................................................................................................................. 42 1.5.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 43 2 DESCRIPTOR 2 : NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES ........................................................................................ 45 2.1 STATE OF THE ART ................................................................................................................................ 45 2.1.1 Pressures ....................................................................................................................................... 46 2.1.2 Possible Impacts ........................................................................................................................... 47 2.2 WHERE IS THE KNOWLEDGE ................................................................................................................... 48 2.3 HOW ARE NON INDEGENOUS SPECIES MEASURED ................................................................................... 49 2.3.1 Methodological sampling aspects ................................................................................................. 49 2.3.2 The number of non-indigenous species newly introduced (D2C1) - Primary ............................... 50 2.3.3 Abundance and spatial distribution of established non-indigenous species, particularly of invasive species (D2C2) - Secondary .................................................................................................................. 50 2.3.4 Proportion of the species group or spatial extent of the broad habitat type which is adversely altered (D2C3) - Secondary ................................................................................................................................ 51 2.4 KNOWLEDGE ON THRESHOLD ................................................................................................................. 51 2.5 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 52 2.5.1 Gaps .............................................................................................................................................. 52 2.5.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 53 3 DESCRIPTOR 3: POPULATIONS OF ALL COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED FISH AND SHELLFISH ...................... 55 3.1 STATE OF THE ART ................................................................................................................................. 58 3.1.1 Species with a stock evaluation ..................................................................................................... 60 3.1.2 Species without Stock Evaluation .................................................................................................. 64 3.2 WHERE IS THE KNOWLEDGE ................................................................................................................... 65 3.3 HOW IS D3 MFSD EVALUATION DONE ................................................................................................... 72 3.3.1 Methodological sampling aspects ................................................................................................. 72 3.3.2 Criterion D3C1 - Fishing Mortality (Primary) ............................................................................. 73 3.3.3 Criterion D3C2 - Spawning stock biomass (Primary 3) ................................................................. 73 3.3.4 Criterion D3C3 - Demographic Characteristics (Primary 3) ........................................................ 73 3.4 KNOWLEDGE ON THRESHOLD ................................................................................................................. 75 3.5 FIRST APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 76 3.6 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 78 IDEM - Review of Literature 3 IDEM - Implementation of the MSFD to the Deep Mediterranean Sea 4 DESCRIPTOR 4 : ECOSYSTEMS, INCLUDING FOOD WEBS ...................................................................... 79 4.1 STATE OF THE ART ................................................................................................................................ 79 4.1.1 Stomach content and stable isotopes approach ............................................................................ 80 4.1.2 Modelling techniques .................................................................................................................... 81 4.2 WHERE IS THE KNOWLEDGE ................................................................................................................... 82 4.3 HOW IS FOOD WEB MEASURED ................................................................................................................ 86 4.3.1 Methodological sampling aspects ................................................................................................. 86 4.3.2 Diversity of the trophic guild (D4C1) - Primary ........................................................................... 87 4.3.3 Balance of total abundance between the trophic guilds (D4C2) - Primary .................................