Festinger theory of cognitive dissonance pdf Continue Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been widely recognized for his important and influential concepts in motivation and social psychology. The dissonance theory here applies to the problem of why partial remuneration, delayed remuneration, and effort costs during training lead to increased resistance to extinction. The author argues that there is a stalemate in learning theory, mainly because some of its basic assumptions are clearly opposed to established experimental results. The book puts forward a new theory that seems to reconcile this data and assumptions. This new theory may take into account data that other theories have difficulties with: it integrates empirical phenomena that have been considered unrelated and is supported by experiments designed specifically to verify its effects. These experiments are fully described in the text. Psychological stress experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time Part of the series onPsychology Outline History Subfields Basic Types abnormal behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitiveism Comparative cross-cultural differential development of evolutionary experimental mathematical neuropsychology Personality Positive quantitative social social Applied Psychology Applied Behavior Analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Industrial and Organizational Legal Military Music Professional School of Health Sports Traffic Lists Discipline Organization Psychology Publishing Research Methods Theory Theory Topics portalvte In psychology, cognitive dissonance occurs when a person adheres to conflicting beliefs, ideas, or values, and are usually experienced as psychological stress when they engage in an action that goes against one or more of them. According to this theory, when two actions or ideas are psychologically inconsistent with each other, people do their best to change them until they become consistent. Discomfort is caused by the fact that a person's faith contradicts new perceived information, in which he tries to find a way to resolve the contradiction to reduce discomfort. In The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957), Leon Festinger suggested that people strive for internal psychological sequencing in order to function normally in the real world. A person who experiences an internal discrepancy tends to become psychologically uncomfortable and motivated to reduce cognitive dissonance. They tend to make changes to justify stressful behavior, either by adding new pieces of cognition psychological dissonance (rationalization) or avoiding circumstances and information can increase the amount of cognitive dissonance (confirmation of bias). Coping with the nuances of conflicting ideas or experiences is mentally stressful. It takes energy and effort to sit with those seemingly opposite things that all seem true. Festinger argued that some people would inevitably allow dissonance by blindly believing in everything they wanted to believe. The relationship between knowledge To function in the reality of modern society, people constantly adjust the conformity of their mental relationships and personal actions; such constant adjustments, between cognition and action, lead to one of three relationships with reality: Consonant relationships: Two cognitions or actions corresponding to each other (for example, not wanting to get drunk when for dinner, and ordering water, not wine) Irrelevant relationships: Two cognitions or actions unrelated to each other (e.g., not wanting to become drunk when wearing a shirt) not wanting to get drunk when, but then drink more wine) The magnitude of dissonance Term dissonance refers to the level of discomfort caused to a person. This may be due to a connection between two different internal beliefs, or an action that is incompatible with a person's beliefs. Two factors determine the degree of psychological dissonance caused by two contradictory knowledges or two contradictory actions: the importance of cognition: the greater the personal value of the elements, the greater the amount of dissonance in relation. When the importance of these two dissonant elements is high, it is difficult to determine which action or thought is correct. Both had truths, at least subjectively, in the human mind. So when ideals or actions are being clashed, it is difficult for a person to decide which takes precedence. Cognition ratio: share of dissonant and consonant elements. There is a level of discomfort in each person that is acceptable for life. When a person is within this level of comfort, dissonance factors do not interfere with functioning. However, when dissonance factors are plentiful and insufficient in line with each other, goes through the process of regulation and bring the ratio to an acceptable level. As soon as the subject decides to keep one of the dissonant factors, they quickly forget the other to restore peace of mind. There is always some degree of dissonance within the person as they go about making decisions, due to the changing quantity and quality of knowledge and wisdom that they receive. The value itself is a subjective dimension, as reports are transmitted independently, and there is no objective way to obtain a clear measurement of the level The theory of cognitive dissonance reduction suggests that people are looking for a psychological sequence between their expectations of life and the existential reality of the world. To function in accordance with this expectation of existential consistency, people constantly reduce their cognitive dissonance to align their cognition (perception of the world) with their actions. Creating and establishing a psychological sequence allows a person affected by cognitive dissonance to reduce mental tension by actions that reduce the magnitude of dissonance realized either by changing with or by justification against or being indifferent to the existential contradiction that causes mental tension. In practice, people reduce the value of their cognitive dissonance in four ways: to change behavior or cognition (I will no longer eat this doughnut). Justify behavior or cognition by altering conflicting cognition (I am allowed to cheat my diet from time to time.) Justify behavior or cognition by adding new behavior or cognition (I will spend thirty extra minutes in high school to work out a doughnut.) Ignore or deny information that contradicts existing beliefs (This doughnut is not high in sugar food.) Three cognitive biases are components of the theory of dissonance. The prejudice that one has no bias, bias, that one is better, kinder, smarter, more moral and better than average and confirmation of bias. The fact that functioning in the real world requires consistent psychology was also stated in the results of The Psychology of Prejudice (2006), in which people facilitate their functioning in the real world by using human categories (i.e. gender and gender, age and race, etc.), through which they manage their social interactions with others. The study Cognitive Belief Models, Reducing Dissonance among Smokers: Longitudinal Analysis conducted by the Four Country Survey (ITC) International Tobacco Control Survey (2012) found that smokers use the beliefs of justification to reduce their cognitive dissonance regarding tobacco smoking and the negative effects of smoking. Continued smoking (smoking and no attempts to quit smoking since the previous round of research.) Successful quitrs (Exit during the study and do not use tobacco since the previous round of study.) Unsuccessful quitters (Exit during study, but relapsed to smoking during study.) To reduce cognitive dissonance, smokers-participants adjusted their beliefs to fit their actions: Functional beliefs (Smoking soothes me when I am stressed. an important part of my life. and smoking makes it easier for me to communicate.) Beliefs minimizing risk (Medical proof that smoking is harmful, exaggerated; you need to die from something, so why not yourself and smoke? and smoking is not more risky than many other things people do.) Selective Exposure Another method of reducing cognitive dissonance through selective impact theory. This theory has been discussed since the early days of Festinger's discovery of cognitive dissonance. He noted that people would selectively expose themselves to some media outlets in relation to others; in particular, they will avoid dissonance messages and prefer cossonal messages. Through selective exposure, people actively (and selectively) choose what to watch, view or read, which corresponds to their current mood, mood or beliefs. In other words, consumers choose consistent information and avoid information that is difficult for relationships. This can be applied to the media, news, music and any other messaging channel. The idea is choosing what is in opposition to how you feel or believe in will make cognitive dissonance. In 1992, for example, a study of single residents - those without a family or frequent visitors - was conducted in a nursing home. Citizens were shown a series of documentaries: three, which featured a very happy, successful elderly man and three, which featured an unhappy, lonely old man. After watching the documentaries, residents indicated that they preferred the media featuring an unhappy, lonely person over a happy man. This can be condemned by their feelings of loneliness, and the experience of cognitive dissonance watching