ARYABHATTA’S DATE AN ANALYTICAL STUDY Dr. M.L. Raja, M.B., B.S., D.O., AVINASH English ARYABHATTA’S DATE AN ANALYTICAL STUDY By- Dr. M.L. Raja Published by AVINASH Printed at Sankav Offset Printerss, Erode Cover Design & Type setting A.P. Nallashivam Published in January 2016 Yugabdom 5117 IPrice `160. ISBN: 978-93-84582-54-8BN: 978i AVINASH Academy on Vibrant National Arts & Scientific Heritage Erode, Tamilnadu Ph : 94433 70129 E-mail : [email protected] PREFACE In the history our Nation, we can find thousands and thousands of great scholars and their works, in almost all fields of science. We can cite examples, at least a few hundred in each century, scattering over a very long period of time, exceeding a minimum of ten thousand years. Their works in the various fields of science are remarkably outstanding, highly astonishing and fully scientific with thorough and clear knowledge, exceeding the modern scientific achievements, at least in a few aspects. But, the most unfortunate thing is, we are very much ignorant of our ancestor’s glorious antiquity, Himalayan achievements, high technological skill and the vast knowledge and wisdom and their highly admirable scientific works are not at all included in our Nation’s educational curriculum. So, it is right time or even if late, it is better late than never, to bring forth these ancient scientific works of our glorious Nation, in the day-light, amongst the present and the future generations of our Nation. With that motive in mind, this book on Âryabhaa is a very small, but a firm step in that direction, where the actual date and name of Âryabhaa and his texts are detailed. On reading these types of works, revealing the true vision of our ancestor’s knowledge, we as a Nation, will definitely feel much proud of our heritage and our self confidence will be highly boosted. With that, our Nation’s scientific achievements will again reach its Himalayan peak, as in the ancient days. Further, whenever our Nation takes the lead in the scientific field, we can find that the science is totally Dharma based and is for the betterment of not only the Human society, but also for the whole animate and inanimate, in contrast to the selfish and self destructive western concept of science. Thus, the Dharma based and all encompassing Bhāratian concept of science is the need of the hour, which can lead and guide the whole world, in peaceful co- existence with prosperity and humanity, to prevent the total annihilation of the human race, which is almost on the verge, a fate came out of the western concept of science and living. Thus, Dr. Arnold Joseph Toynbee, the British Historian (1889- 1975), mentioned firmly, “It is already becoming clear that a chapter which had a Western beginning will have to have an Indian ending, if it is, not to end in the self-destruction of the human race. At this supremely dangerous moment in human history, the only way of salvation for mankind is the Indian way.” I humbly submit my pranāms to Srī Prof. Vasudevan Potti, Retd. Professor, of Vedānta who guided me in writing this book with correct Sanskrit Grammatical analysis and to Prof. B.Satagopan, Retd. Prof. & Head, Dept. of History and Politics & Addl. Professor in Economics, for his encouragement and whole hearted appreciation. It is a great honour to me to have their highly valuable opinions on this book and the same is given as Foreword for the book. I sincerely express my heartfelt thanks to the publishers, Kurukshetra Prakashan Kochi, the printers and all those helped in bringing out the book in an excellent and elegant manner. Erode Dr. M.L. Raja Kaliyugaptam 5116, Pushya 1st Souramana (15-01-2015) A WORD IN APPRECIATION I have gone through the thought provoking article titled “The actual date of Aryabhatta” written by Dr.M.L.Raja, M.B.,B.S.,D.O., Director of AVINASH, Tamilnadu. Doctor has done research about the date of Aryabhatta. He quotes a sloka from Aryabhattiyam. There are two readings one is ¹É¹]ªɤnÉxÉÉÆ ¹ÉbÂʦÉ: (Shadbhih) and the other is ¹É¹]ªɤnÉxÉÉÆ ¹Éʹ]: (Shashtih). He extensively explains, quoting grammar rules on the word formation of Vyatītā: (were elapsed excessively). In his opinion, the actual date of Aryabhatta is B.C.2764. The author of the article Dr.Raja concludes - “It is proved absolutely that “Shadbhih” (¹ÉbÂʦÉ:) is the correct word and not “Shashtih” (¹Éʹ]:) grammatically and syntactically. Thus 2764 B.C.E. is the date of Aryabhatta.” Dr. Raja also cites other sources of evidence of his opinion such as Laghu Bhaskareeyam of Bhaskara (522/629 C.E.) and Pancha Siddhantika of Varahamihira etc. Thus, the article can be taken as a good and authentic research paper on the actual date of Aryabhatta. Dr. Raja deserves congratulations in taking pain in bringing truth about Aryabhatta. I expect more such research works in field of scientific heritage of Bharat. Prof. R.Vasudevan Potti, Retd. Professor of Vedanta, TC 28/1330, SIVADHAM, Sreekanteswaram, Thiruvanathapuram, KERALA – 695 023 EDITOR’S NOTE Our Nation always have the credibility in Anciant Science and Phylosophy. We always have the abundant resource of well known scientists and thinkers who always have an Universal Vision. We called them Rishi, who sacrificed their precious life in search of knowledge and disceminate that to the world, with utmost goodfaith and unconditional selfless service. Here we are so happy to publish a valuable study on Aryabhatta by Dr. M.L.Raja. Editor AVINASH About Author Dr. M.L. Raja is an Eye Specialist with a qualification of M.B., B.S., D.O. As a Director of the research academy by name AVINASH (Academy on Vibrant National Arts and Scientific Heritage), he presented Scientific papers at various National and International conferences, on subjects pertaining to Vedic Sciences, discrete mathematics and history of Bharat. He is writing scientific articles related to Physics, Astronomy, Medicine and Mathematics, Tamil Literature and the history of our beloved Nation, in various magazines. He also authored books on Dr. Jagadish Chandra Bose, Swami Vivekananda and Astronomy. He can be contacted through, Dr. M.L. Raja, M.B., B.S., D.O., Sree Krishna Hospital, 15, Sangagiri Road, Pallipalayam, Erode - 6, Tamilnadu, Bharat, PIN – 638006 Mobile: +91 9443370129, email: [email protected] About the Book This book elaborets the various concrete and conclusive evidences, which favour the date of Âryabhaa at 2764 B.C.E. Besides this book also gives concrete and corroborative evidences, that Âryabhaa not only wrote Âryabhaîyam and (Laghu) Âryabhaa Siddhānta: (Laghu Âryabhaîyam) but also Mahāryabhaa Siddhānta:, the ancient astronomical and mathematical text of our Nation, thus clearly proving that the author of Âryabhaîyam and Mahāryabhaa Siddhānta: were not two different persons, but one and the same Âryabhaa. Further, based on the evidences given by G.Thibaut, Henry Thomus Colebrook and W.Brennand, it is found that the correct spelling and pronunciation is Âryabhaa and not Âryabhaa. DIACRITICAL MARKS FOR ROMAN TRANSLITERATION OF DEVANAGARI SCRIPT 1. Short Vowels + - A, a < - I, i = - U, u @ - , ±ÉÞ - ï 2. Long Vowels +É - Â, ā, â <Ç - Î, ī, î > - U,Û,ū, û B - E, e +Éä - O, o Bä - Ai, ai +Éè - Au, au 3. Anusvāra: and Visarga: - +Æ - Ä : - , 4. Non-aspirant - % 5. Consonants E - K, k JÉ - Kh, kh MÉ - G, g PÉ - Gh, gh R - Ń, ń SÉ – C,c U - Ch, ch VÉ - J, j ZÉ - Jh, jh \É - Ñ, ñ ] - , `ö - h, h b - , f - h, h hÉ - N, iÉ - T, t lÉ - Th, th n - D, d vÉ - Dh, dh xÉ - N, n {É - P, p ¡Âò - Ph, ph ¤É - B, b ¦É - Bh, bh ¨É - M, m ªÉ - Y, y ®Â - R, r ±É - L, l ´É - V, v ¶É - Ś, ś ¹É - , ºÉ - S, s ½Â - H, h 6. Compound letters - IÉ - K, k YÉ - Jñ, jñ jÉ - Tr, tr Due to conversion from ms word to pagemaker and then to pdf some fonts are used with multiple symbols and some are left with routine symbols Words with * mark are explained in the Glossary AN APPRECIATION By PROF B. SATAGOPAN Controversies continue to centre round some of the major historical themes and issues such as the Aryan and Alexander’s invasion of India, despite the fact that the conventional history of India claims to have settled all of them once and for all and declares them as a closed chapter. It is refreshing to reflect in recent times, the approach and the anecdotes advanced by the conventional historians have come under critical scrutiny, review and revision by their modern counterparts. One such is the date and time of Acharya Aryabhatta, one of the reputed and leading scientists of Ancient India, believed to have pioneered the growth and development of Modern Science and Mathematics inclusive of Astronomy and Astrology. The traditional account of Aryabhatta associates him worth the Golden Age of the Imperial Gupthas of Hindu India as a front- ranking intellectual of the Gupthan royal court and an integral part of the ‘Navaratnas’ or ‘Nine Gems’. The date of Aryabhatta, in its considered view is 476 C.E. The above-quoted view relating to the date of Aryabhatta has been stoutly challenged as fallacious and erroneous by Dr.M.L.Raja, a medical professional by career and a passionate researcher by choice and preference, in his thought-provoking research article entitled ‘The Date of Aryabhatta – An Analytical Study’. He questions this traditional view regarding Aryabhatta’s date and summarily rejects it by battery of arguments, buttressed by internal and external evidences, drawn exclusively from different authoritative Sanskrit works on Ancient Indian Science and Technology, supplemented and corroborated by selected indologists and intellectuals of the west, to vindicate his stand.