JO US ISSN 0271-9916 December 1991 RESEARCH EXTENSION SERIES 124 THE HAWAII TROPICAL CUT FLOWER INDUSTRY CONFERENCE Growing into the 90's Hilo Hawaiian March 29th - March 31st, 1990 ITAHR · COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE AND HUl\IAN RESOURCES · UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII THE HAWAII TROPICAL CUT FLOWER INDUSTRY CONFERENCE Growing into the 90's Hilo Hawaiian March 29th - March 31st, 1990 11 Sponsored By Cooperative Extension Service College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii at Manoa Governor's Agriculture Coordinating Committee County of Hawaii With Cooperation From Big Island Dendrobium Growers Association Dendrobium Orchid Growers Association of Hawaii Hawaii Anthurium Industry Association Hawaii Protea Growers Association Hawaii Tropical Flowers and Foliage Association, Hawaii Hawaii Tropical Flowers and Foliage Association, Oahu West Hawaii Orchid Growers Association PREFACE On March 29-31, 1990, the Hawaii Tropical Cut Flower Industry Conference was held in Hilo, Hawaii. This conference was the first in recent memory to include all of the major tropical flowers produced and exported on a commercial basis in Hawaii: anthuriums, orchids, protea, and tropicals such as gingers and heliconias. Although each of these major floral groups has its own unique production problems, they face common marketing problems. Thus, marketing of Hawaii flowers was chosen as the unifying focus of the conference. The conference planners and participants believe that through improved and innovative marketing the industry will be able to realize the conference theme, "Growing into the 90's." In addition to marketing issues such as transportation, handling, and market strategies and trends, production problems were also addressed. Concurrent sessions were held so that each floral group could concentrate on the production problems mostrelevant to them. The conference was sponsored by the Cooperative Extension Service, University of Hawaii, the Governors Agriculture Coordinating Committee, and the County of Hawaii, with the cooperation of several floral commodity associations. Thanks are due to the hard-working conference committee members and all of the speakers who participated in this very successful conference· program. Members of the planning committee were: Bernice Berdon, Greg Braun, Mike Crowell, Mike Goldstein, John Halloran, Gerry Hay, Lesley Hill, Karen Hunt, Darrell Kimura, Steven Lee, Ken Leonhardt (Chairman), Harry Lui, Corinne Moniz, Creighton Mow, Tom Nelson,· Kent Pledger, Susan Robertson, Kelvin Sewake, Carol Siebenrock, Jerome Siebenrock, Tosh Sugita, Terry Toki, and Larry Yamamoto. Editors: Ken W. Leonhardt Extension Specialist, Horticulture Dale O. Evans Research Associate, Horticulture John M. Halloran Extension Agricultural Economist, AREC - 1ll - FIRST AUTHORS OF INVITED PAPERS Criley, Richard A. Horticulturist, Dept. of Horticulture, CfAHR Dai, JingWei. Graduate Student, Dept. of Horticulture, CfAHR Devereux, John W. President, Mauna Loa Orchids, and Flowers of Hawaii, Hilo Ferreira, Stephen. Specialist, Dept. of Plant Pathology, CTAHR Gardner, W. Dean. Asst. Regional Director, Western Region, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Honolulu Halloran, John M. Specialist, Dept. ofAgriculture and Resource Economics, CTAHR Hanaoka, Masao. Administrator, Marketing Division, Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture Hansen, James D. Research Asst. Hawaii Branch Station, CfAHR Hara, Arnold H. Entomologist, Dept. of Entomology, CTAHR Ingraham, Charles. Emeritus Professor, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Ito, Philip J. Horticulturist, Dept. of Horticulture, CTAHR Jones, Rollin. Soil Scientist, Dept. ofAgronomy and Soil Science, CTAHR Kamemoto, H. Emeritus Horticulturist, Dept. of Horticulture, CfAHR Leonhardt, K. W. Specialist, Dept. of Horticulture, CfAHR Linney, Peter. President, Everflora Chicago, Inc., Chicago, lllinois Ogata, Desmond. Research Assoc. Dept. of Plant Pathology, CTAHR Parvin, Philip E. Horticulturist, Dept. ofHorticulture, CTAHR Paull, Robert E. Plant Physiologist, Dept. of Plant Molecular Physiology, CTAHR Rohrbach, Kenneth G. Asst. Director, Agricultural and Resource Development, CTAHR Sakai, William S. Professor of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, UH-Hilo Sanguthai, Surapon. President, Bangkok Green Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand Tanabe, Michael J. Professor of Plant Science, College ofAgriculture, UH-Hilo Tayama, Harry K. Professor of Horticulture, Dept. of Horticulture, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio . Tenbrink, Victoria L. Research Assoc. Hawaii Branch Station, CTAHR Uchida, Janice. Plant Pathologist, Dept. of Plant Pathology, CTAHR van Doesburg, Jan. Chairman, Flower Council of Holland and President, Association of Dutch Flower Auctions - IV - TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL SESSION Welcome Address Kenneth G. Rohrbach 1 Changes in Global Floriculture Crops: Production Centers, Channels of Distribution, and Per Capita Consumption ofFloriculture Products Harry K. Tayama 2 Wholesaling Floral Products from Hawaii to the Midwest and East Coast Peter Linney 8· Hawaii Department ofAgriculture Multicommodity Marketing Programs: Future Directions Masao Hanaoka 15 What It Takes To Be Successful: Promotion, an Essential Factor in Marketing Jan van Doesburg 22 Importation and Distribution ofFloral Products into Japan Harry K. Tayama 32 Marketing Orchids from Southeast Asia to Europe and America Surapon Sanguthai 35 Postharvest Handling ofHawaii Cut Flowers for Export Robert E. Paull 40 Pest-Related Flower Shipment Rejections W. Dean Gardner 49 Minimizing Shipment Rejections Due to Insect Pests Arnold H. Hara, James D. Hansen, Victoria L. Tenbrink, and Kelvin T. Sewake 52 Recent Progress in the Control ofInsect Pests on Tropical Floral.Commodities James D. Hansen, Arnold H. Hara, and Victoria L. Tenbrink 54 Why Every Producer Should Be Knowledgeable ofMarketing Charles H. Ingraham 61 Statistics that Shape Hawaii's Floriculture Industry K. W. Leonhardt and John M. Halloran 66 - v- ANTHURIUM SESSION How They Grow and Market Anthurium in the Netherlands Jan van Doesburg 78 Plant Nutrition and Vascular Disease William S. Sakai 81 In Vitro Plant Acclimatization MichaelJ. Tanabe 100 A Basis for a Pathogen-Free Anthurium Production System Richard A. Criley 102 Leaf Development and Anthurium Flower Growth Jingwei Dai and Robert E. Paull 109 The Relationship ofTemperature and Nutrition to the Anthurium Bleach Problem K. W. Leonhardt, R. Iwata, and J. C. Deputy 114 Spathe BleachingofAnthurium andraeanum .Linden K. W. Leonhardt and P. Woomer 120 ORCHID SESSION New Dendrobium CutflowerCuItivars and Selections H. Kamemoto, A. Kuehnle, T. D. Amore, and N. C. Sugii 127 Decomposition of Gravel Growing Media for Dendrobiumas a Possible.Cause of Dendrobium Decline Rollin Jones and K. W. Leonhardt 129 Dendrobium CuItivars and Production Technology in Thailand Surapon Sanguthai 132 Mainland Wholesaler's and Retailer's Perceptions ofHawaii Dendrobium Orchids John M. Halloran, Stuart T. Nakamoto, and K. W. Leonhardt 136 Economically.Important Diseases of Dendrobium Janice Uchida 149 Yanda Miss Joaquim Orchid· John Wm. Devereux, Jr. 154 - VI - PROTEA SESSION Protea Cultivars and Production Technology in the Southern Hemisphere Philip E. Parvin 160 Marketing Hawaiian Protea to the Midwest and East Coast Peter Linney 163 New Hybrid Leucospermum (Proteaceae) Introductions P. J. Ito, K. W. Leonhardt, P. E. Parvin, T. Murakami, and D. W. Oka 164 TROPICAL SESSION Managing Seasonality ofFlowering in Heliconia R~ A. CrHeyand S. Lekawatana 167 Long-Day Flowering in HeliconiaAngusta cv. 'Holiday': Possibility for Year-Round Flower Production . William S. Sakai 173 Phytotoxicity ofMavrik Aquaflowand Safer Insecticidal Soap When Used as A Dip on Cut Flowers and Foliage Victoria L. Tenbrink, James D. Hansen, and Arnold H. Hara 178 The Status ofMoko and Bunchy Top Diseases in Hawaii Stephen Ferreira 180 Nematodes: How They Affect You and Your Crop Desmond Ogata 184 - vii- WELCOME Kenneth G. Rohrbach Hawaii Institute ofTropical Agriculture and Human Resources University ofHawaii at Manoa On behalf of the .Dean of the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, I welcome you to the Hawaii Cut Flower Industry Conference. I would like particularly to welcome our out-of-state and out-of-country guests. Conferences such as this don't just happen. They require a major effort in planning, time, and resources. The major effort in planning and time has come from your industry organizations and the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. The major resources are from the Governor's Agriculture Coordinating Committee and the County of Hawaii. I am very pleased to see so many participants, a clear indication of the importance and timeliness of the conference. Your program for the next two to three days focuses on what is happening in the international cut flower industry and on the, current knowledge of production, handling, and marketing of cut flowers. It is hoped that the panel discussions can stimulate some predictions of what will be needed for the industry to continue to grow in the 1990's. I believe that your program also represents and focuses on another important issue that will be critical to the future success ofyour industry. That issue is the ability of several separate commodity groups to work together to reach a common goal and solve common problems. Many of you are aware of the Governor's Agriculture Coordinating Committee's industry analysis program. You are also aware that previous industry analyses have been done on