5/15/2014 Development Orthodoxy: Persistent policy failure in the Himalayas Netra Chhetri Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes Arizona State University 5/15/2014 Fast Facts 27.47 millions population (25.2% living below poverty) Ranked 157th out of 187 countries (HDR, 2013) High juvenile malnutrition (47% under 5 are stunted and 36% underweight) 1/3rd of working age male population migrate for work Agriculture is one of the largest contributors to national GDP (36%) Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 1 5/15/2014 1 5/15/2014 …investment in agricultural development is crucial Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 2 5/15/2014 ….struggle for agricultural development continues in mythical Shangri-La Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 3 5/15/2014 2 5/15/2014 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 4 5/15/2014 Courtesy: M. Shrestha One of the unique features of Nepal’s agriculture is its close coupling among crop, forest, rangeland & other common resources Courtesy: M. Shrestha Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5 5/15/2014 3 5/15/2014 Courtesy: M. Shrestha Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 6 5/15/2014 Forms of agricultural development Bottom-up Top-down Generating income Managing risk Building capacity Confronting Livelihoods Large scale NetraClumsy Chhetri, Arizona State University 7 5/15/2014Elegant 4 5/15/2014 Forms of engagement Social mobilization Participatory Top-down Bilateral Small scale Large scale Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 8 5/15/2014 Economic development activities Small and diverse Specific and targeted Livelihoods Market driven Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 9 5/15/2014 5 5/15/2014 Engagement and participation Courtesy: LI-BIRD Women in knowledge production Symbolic but changing Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 10 5/15/2014 Capacity building Livelihoods focus Economic development Courtesy: LI-BIRD Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 11 5/15/2014 6 5/15/2014 Managing risk Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 12 5/15/2014 Agro-biodiversity increases the system’s resiliency Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 13 5/15/2014 7 5/15/2014 Confronting challenges Water harvesting Conservation farming Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 14 5/15/2014 Funded by ADB, and implemented by the GON, the thrust of HIMALI project is the formation of commercially viable agribusinesses in the mountain region of Nepal Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 15 5/15/2014 8 5/15/2014 Attract investment in the production of high- value agricultural products, value-added agribusiness that links producers to markets, and the packaging and marketing of processed agricultural products for both the domestic and export markets Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 16 5/15/2014 Educate farmers for enterprise creation, expansion and marketing of the local products; Provide business plan and assist to grant applications with commercially viable business plans Gather input and output market information Develop agribusiness promotion and networking value chain linkages. Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 17 5/15/2014 9 5/15/2014 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 18 5/15/2014 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 19 5/15/2014 10 5/15/2014 4 /Day = NRs 490 NRs 90/day NRs 180/day NRs 50/day Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 20 5/15/2014 Courtesy: BB Tamang It is seen as development success Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 21 5/15/2014 11 5/15/2014 Farmer/entrepreneur Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 22 5/15/2014 There is a constant supply of knowledge from outside Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 23 5/15/2014 12 5/15/2014 Jersey gets to eat the best Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 24 5/15/2014 Farmers are even growing forage – instead of food Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 25 5/15/2014 13 5/15/2014 Buckwheat is increasingly replaced by forage Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 26 5/15/2014 There is market for milk Courtesy: BB Tamang Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 27 5/15/2014 14 5/15/2014 It is me - Lulu 3 L Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 28 5/15/2014 Courtesy: BB Tamang No investment Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 29 5/15/2014 15 5/15/2014 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 30 5/15/2014 NGO started operating in Nepal in 1995. LI-BIRD is committed to capitalizing on local initiatives for the sustainable management of renewable resources and to improving the livelihoods of resource-poor and marginalized people. It has been recognized as a center of excellence for its contribution for developing and promoting good practices for on-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity. Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 31 5/15/2014 16 5/15/2014 Participatory Plant Breeding Judi 582 Lumle 2 Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD Mansara 5 Gulmi 2 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 32 5/15/2014 Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD Domain/Re Terai/inner Terai/Mid hill Mid-hills High-hills gion river basins Upland Judi 582, Mansara 4 Barkhe 1027, Barkhe 1036 Medium land Barkhe 2014, Biramphul 3, Lumle 2 Sunaulo Sugandha, Improved PJB Barkhe 3017-5 Lowland Barkhe 3004, Barkhe 3019 Courtesy: LI:BIRD Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 33 5/15/2014 17 5/15/2014 Community Seed Banks Local seed security through seed banks – key to adaptation and mitigation using diverse crop varieties Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 34 5/15/2014 Neglected and Underutilized Species Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD Winter Bean Air potato Water Spinach Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD NetraFit Chhetri, weed Arizonaor Culantro State University Yam35 Rosella or Sorrell5/15/2014 18 5/15/2014 Lease Based Farming Provide lease land to the vulnerable communities as source of income which increase their adaptive capacity. Courtesy: LI:BIRD Courtesy: LI:BIRD Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 36 5/15/2014 Integrated Hedgerow Hedgerow technology for improving ecological stability of the sloping lands, reduce erosion and enhance carbon sequestration Courtesy: LI:BIRD Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 37 5/15/2014 19 5/15/2014 Community-based biodiversity fare Courtesy: LI:BIRD Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 38 5/15/2014 Orthodoxy around development in the Himalayas Livelihoods focus Economic development Participation Specialization Social mobilization Social exclusion Focus on local Top-down a problem Clumsy Solutions External support outcomeSingle Co-creation Elegant solution to Multiple Outcomes Vulnerability focus Market driven Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 39 5/15/2014 20 5/15/2014 When good is not good enough Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 40 5/15/2014 21.