Radiology Department Report 2017–2019 Radiology Department Report 2017–2019 Contents Letter from the Chair 2 Clinical Divisions 84 In Memoriam 6 Research Divisions 92 Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Radiology Faculty 8 Early Detection 94 Department Leadership 10 Integrative Biomedical Imaging All Faculty 14 Informatics at Stanford (IBIIS) 100 New Faculty Appointments 18 Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) 106 Faculty Leadership Appointments 26 Precision Health and Integrated New Chair of Biomedical Data Science 27 Diagnostics (PHIND) Center at Stanford 120 radiology.stanford.edu Faculty Retirements and Recalls 28 Radiological Sciences Laboratory (RSL) 128 Faculty Departures 29 Faculty Honors and Awards 30 Feature: IMMERS 33 Active Sponsored Research 138 Future Faculty and Staff 34 Funded Projects Summary 149 Feature: 3DQ Lab 37 Equipment 38 Radiology Snapshot 150 Feature: Industry Collaborations 40 Radiology Family 152 Translational Research 42 Artificial Intelligence in Radiology 44 Thank You to our Colleagues 154 Theragnostics: Combining Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals to Fight Cancer 50 Acknowledging our Diagnostic Ultrasound through a Different Lens 52 Generous Supporters 156 Cover Image Training Programs 54 Shear waves were induced in a cylindrical gelatin phantom using a mechanical vibra- Clinical Training Programs 56 How you can tor, causing them to scatter and reflect. Their displacements were imaged using a phase- Graduating Residents 60 Support the Department 157 contrast 3T MRI technique (MR elastography). This work highlights the importance of image reconstruction algorithms. Each individual wave image (represented by each Graduating Fellows 64 circle) is chaotic and difficult to interpret by itself. However, thousands of wave images can Research Training Programs 69 Canary Challenge 158 be thoughtfully fused together using an image reconstruction algorithm to produce a single Graduating PhDs 73 image representing the gelatin’s mechanical properties. This is symbolized by the careful, structured positioning of the circular wave images into a coherent pattern, which contrasts Funding the Path to an Independent Faculty Position 74 Terms Listed 160 with the disarray found within each individual wave image. This imaging technique can be Trainee Honors and Awards 80 used to help clinicians locate elusive tumors in cancer patients. Unfortunately, we are often times limited by the amount of information we can collect, as well as by invalid assump- Feature: Radiology Clinical Research and Trials 83 tions made by our algorithm. The void in this image, due to these limitations, symbolizes the gap in our knowledge of the underlying anatomical structures that we are trying to image. Ningrui Li, PhD Student: Laboratory of Kim Butts Pauly, PhD, Radiological Sciences Laboratory. http://radiology.stanford.edu/about/annualreport/ From the Chairman Dr. Sanjiv Sam Gambhir Chair, Department of Radiology IN MY ROLE AS CHAIR of the Stanford Department of thousands of participants over a four-year period. The for children. Pediatric not depicted with other Radiology since 2011, I see the department evolving first round of data analysis is now beginning on data Radiology, from work in Science without borders imaging modalities. (10) and thriving in many ways. In my previous message to collected from over 2,500 participants. the Vasanawala lab, has Predictive mathematical you in the 2017 Department Report, we shared exam- improved MRI scans for will continue to be a key theme models to describe cell ples of the department’s successes and growth in The Department of Radiology has further demon- children, tailoring MRI behavior. The mathemat- multiple new areas of clinical and research expansion. strated our commitment to “science without borders” equipment to acquire . with the goal to bridge ical models developed in with the opening of the new AIMI Center (Artificial “ I am very pleased to say that this growth continues to images of young patients scientific and clinical activi- the Mallick lab are used to match our most aggressive expectations. Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging) in 2018. The much faster. Shorter MRI detect cancer early and center is dedicated to solving clinically important scan times for children allow ties throughout the medical describe how they might We remain blessed with the support of so many fac- problems in medicine using AI. Drawing on Stanford’s physicians to substantially behave (e.g., aggressive ulty, staff, and trainees in our department as well as interdisciplinary expertise in clinical medical imag- reduce anesthesia, and in school, affiliated hospitals, vs. indolent, drug sensi- throughout the medical center and university. We per- ing, bioinformatics, statistics, electrical engineering, many instances, eliminate tive vs. responsive). (11) sist in pushing the boundaries of what radiology, as a and computer science, the AIMI Center supports the anesthesia entirely. (5) across the Stanford campus, Ultrasound activated field, will become in the years ahead. “Science without development, evaluation and dissemination of new Identifying cancer driver nanoparticles enable borders” continues to be a key theme during my chair- AI methods applied across the medical imaging life mutations for therapeutic and beyond. drug delivery to the brain. manship with the goal to bridge scientific and clinical cycle. The long-term goal is to develop and support decision-making. Through The Airan lab focuses on activities throughout the medical school, affiliated hos- transformative medical AI applications and the latest computational analyses noninvasive drug delivery pitals, across the Stanford campus, and beyond. in applied computational and biomedical imaging of untreated cancer sam- SANJIV SAM GAMBHIR, MD, PHD to any part of the brain research to advance patient health. AI provides an ples, the Reiter lab showed with maximum spatial In recent years, we have made tremendous strides to unprecedented opportunity to extract meaning from ” bring together clinical and scientific efforts to tackle that driver mutations were and temporal resolution. medical imaging data and to develop tools that present among all metastases of a cancer, thus allowing This work has been published in Neuron. health issues in multiple ways. The PHIND (Precision improve patient care. The Center’s key strength is the Health and Integrated Diagnostics) Center is such an a single biopsy to capture those important mutations. partnership between clinical and technical experts. (6) Translating ultrasound discoveries for clinical appli- Another major milestone of “science without borders” example of this effort. PHIND now has the commitment See pages 44-49 for more on AIMI. has been the continued excellence of the MIPS sem- of 94 faculty and scientists across 48 departments at cations. The Butts Pauly lab applies focused ultrasound to open the blood brain barrier, for neuromodulation, inar series, IMAGinING THE FUTURE, which is aimed at Stanford, all dedicated to longitudinal monitoring and We have continued to make remarkable innovations catalyzing interdisciplinary discussions in all areas of improvement of overall human health on a lifelong in numerous areas that we believe are important to and ablation to treat many diseases throughout the body. (7) Tissue samples and fluids for diagnosis and medicine and disease. This seminar series encour- basis. In May, following the initial round of funding for health care in the long-term. These areas include: (1) ages discussion and is open and free to everyone 20 projects, the center announced the availability of Developing a new imaging technique to diagnose disease progression. The Pitteri lab focuses on the dis- covery and validation of proteins that can be used in the Stanford community, as well as anyone from an additional $1.5 million in seed funding. The goal tuberculosis in an hour. This approach, developed by the surrounding community, universities, companies, is to launch additional new research projects and the Rao lab, harnesses a newly created two-piece flu- as molecular indicators of risk, diagnosis, progression, and recurrence of cancer. (8) Engineering immune or institutions. In 2019, so far, we have hosted Nora recruit new faculty interested in this important area of orescent probe that is activated by a saliva sample. (2) Volkow, MD, Director of the National Institute on Drug research. Analytic methods for radiology and pathology fusion. cells to detect and flag cancer in mice. Research in the Gambhir lab published in Nature Biotechnology, Abuse (NIDA) at the National Institutes of Health; With an interest in biomedical data integration, the Eric Topol, MD, Professor, Founder and Director of We have also made remarkable progress in long-term Rusu lab applies data fusion methods to create com- performed in mice, involved modifying a specific class projects important to us, such as Project Baseline, of immune cells (macrophages) to patrol the body for the Scripps Research Translational Institute (SRTI); prehensive multi-scale representations of biomedical and Robert S. Langer, PhD, David H. Koch Institute which was profiled in The New York Times in 2019. processes and pathological conditions. (3) Developing cancer and send a signal through the blood or urine Project Baseline is a massive enterprise whose goal is upon detection opening up a new field of immu- Professor (MIT). By hosting such incredible speakers in novel quantitative imaging biomarkers. The Kogan