Campbell Law Review Volume 34 Article 3 Issue 2 Spring 2012 2012 Minor's Personal Injury Actions and Settlements in North Carolina John M. Kirby Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.campbell.edu/clr Part of the Judges Commons, Juvenile Law Commons, Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons, and the Torts Commons Recommended Citation John M. Kirby, Minor's Personal Injury Actions and Settlements in North Carolina, 34 Campbell L. Rev. 293 (2012). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Repository @ Campbell University School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Campbell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Repository @ Campbell University School of Law. KIRBY- FINAL 4/12/2012 9:06 AM Kirby: Minor's Personal Injury Actions and Settlements in North Carolina Minor’s Personal Injury Actions and Settlements in North Carolina JOHN KIRBY INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 295 I.SUBSTANCE OF THE CLAIMS ARISING FROM INJURY TO MINOR ............... 296 A. Minor’s Claims ...................................................................... 296 1. Substantive Claims .......................................................... 296 a. Landowner Liability .................................................. 297 i. Attractive Nuisance Doctrine ............................. 301 b. Minor’s Claims Against Caregivers and Other Persons ...................................................................... 305 2. Defenses to Minor’s Claim .............................................. 308 a. Contributory Negligence .......................................... 308 b. Statute of Limitations ................................................ 313 c. Parent-Child Immunity ............................................ 316 d. Supervision by Parents or Other Adults ................... 319 e. Pre-injury Release ..................................................... 321 3. Minor’s Damages ............................................................. 323 a. Medical Bills .............................................................. 324 i. Necessaries ......................................................... 324 ii. Parent’s Waiver of Claim .................................... 327 b. Lost Earnings ........................................................... 328 c. Liens and Subrogation Claims ................................. 329 B. Parents’ Claims ..................................................................... 332 1. Substantive Claims .......................................................... 333 a. Medical Expenses for Minor’s Injury ........................ 334 b. Loss of Services and Earnings of Minor ................... 336 c. Miscellaneous Claims of Parents .............................. 338 2. Whether Claim is Owned by Mother or by Father ......... 340 3. Defenses to Parents’ Claims ............................................ 342 II.PROCEDURES FOR FILING SUIT FOR MINOR .......................................... 345 A. Guardian ad Litem ................................................................. 345 John M. Kirby practices litigation and other areas of law in North Carolina. Mr. Kirby graduated from the University of North Carolina School of Law in 1993. Mr. Kirby can be contacted at [email protected] or through his website at www.legal-nc.com. 293 Published by Scholarly Repository @ Campbell University School of Law, 2012 1 KIRBY- FINAL 4/12/2012 9:06 AM Campbell Law Review, Vol. 34, Iss. 2 [2012], Art. 3 294 CAMPBELL LAW REVIEW [Vol. 34:293 1. Procedure for Appointment ............................................ 350 2. Persons who May Serve as GAL ...................................... 351 3. Conflicts of Interest by GAL ........................................... 352 4. Duties and Powers of GAL .............................................. 356 5. Liability of GAL ............................................................... 361 6. Payment of GAL .............................................................. 364 B. Joinder of Claims .................................................................. 365 C. Res Judicata and Collateral Estoppel Effect of Minor’s Action .................................................................................... 365 D. Minor’s Attorney ................................................................... 368 1. Conflicts of Interest ......................................................... 373 2. Attorney’s Fees ................................................................ 375 III.SETTLEMENT OF MINOR’S CLAIM ........................................................ 382 A. Persons Having Authority to Enter Settlement for Minor .... 382 B. Need for Court Approval ...................................................... 384 C. Repudiation of Settlement Pending Approval ...................... 391 D. Release of Claims .................................................................. 394 E. Procedural Considerations ................................................... 399 1. Procedural Vehicles ......................................................... 399 2. Notice of Proceeding ....................................................... 401 3. Presentation of Evidence at Hearing ............................... 402 4. Rulings on Motion for Approval of Settlement ............... 404 5. Order Approving Settlement ........................................... 405 6. Handling of Minor’s Proceeds ......................................... 408 a. Judgments ................................................................. 408 b. Settlements ................................................................ 409 i. Payment to Clerk ................................................ 409 ii. Structured Settlements ....................................... 411 iii. Payment to Guardian or Others ......................... 412 c. Implications of Settlement on Minor’s Eligibility for Government Programs ........................................ 413 F. When Order Approving Minor’s Settlement May Be Reversed, Overturned or Vacated ......................................... 415 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 421 http://scholarship.law.campbell.edu/clr/vol34/iss2/3 2 KIRBY- FINAL 4/12/2012 9:06 AM Kirby: Minor's Personal Injury Actions and Settlements in North Carolina 2012] MINOR’S PERSONAL INJURY ACTIONS 295 INTRODUCTION This Article addresses the issues that are peculiar to claims of mi- nors in North Carolina.1 Persons who are the age of majority prosecute and settle claims that raise numerous substantive and procedural issues. These issues can be compounded, however, when the claimant is a mi- nor. The distinct issues that arise with a minor’s claim include: that a minor is often held to a different standard of conduct; that other persons are held to a higher or different standard of conduct toward a minor; that other persons may have a duty to protect the minor; that courts generally protect the interests of minors; that minors cannot enter bind- ing contracts; and that injuries to minors typically create claims in other parties, for example, the minor’s parents. This Article addresses the settlement and litigation of these claims. While this Article focuses on claims arising from a personal injury to the minor, many of the same legal issues are also raised in other contexts in which the minor’s interests are affected. As shown by many cases cited in this Article, much of the case law in North Carolina addressing the procedures for settling and adjudicating minors’ rights has arisen in the context of a minor’s interest in an estate or real property. North Carolina does not have many statutes addressing the sub- stance or procedure for minor’s claims; therefore, most of the applicable law is common law developed by the courts. In contrast, many other states have statutes setting forth procedures for these claims.2 Most of the law from other jurisdictions is, however, similar to North Carolina law. The common law from those jurisdictions is useful in analyzing and predicting North Carolina law, and this Article therefore references cases from other jurisdictions in areas where North Carolina has no go- verning authority. Editorial Note: Campbell Law Review has included parallel citations to the North Carolina reporters per the request of the author. 1. See N.C. GEN. STAT. § 48A-2 (2011) (“A minor is any person who has not reached the age of 18 years.”). Note that for purposes of the Uniform Transfers to Mi- nors Act (UTMA), a minor is defined as any person under twenty-one years old. N.C. GEN. STAT. § 33A-1(11). For a brief discussion of emancipated minors, see infra notes 614–16 and accompanying text. 2. See, e.g., FLA. STAT. § 744.301(2)(a), (b) (2011); PA. R. CIV. P. 2039 (2011); S.C. CODE ANN. § 62-5-433 (2011). Published by Scholarly Repository @ Campbell University School of Law, 2012 3 KIRBY- FINAL 4/12/2012 9:06 AM Campbell Law Review, Vol. 34, Iss. 2 [2012], Art. 3 296 CAMPBELL LAW REVIEW [Vol. 34:293 I. SUBSTANCE OF THE CLAIMS ARISING FROM INJURY TO MINOR Minors generally have the same claims, and are subject to the same rules and defenses as if they were adults. Thus, a minor can sue for neg- ligence, breach of contract, libel, assault etc.; however, there are some causes of action where the minor’s claim is different in some respects from the same claim brought by an adult. Further, an injury to the