Research Collection Edited Volume Urban Elements Advanced Studies in Urban Design Author(s): Fun, Siew Leng; Christiaanse, Kees; Cairns, Stephen; Richthofen, Aurel von; Leyk, Dietmar; Knecht, Katja; Miao, Yufan; König, Reinhard Publication Date: 2018 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000270354 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library URBAN ELEMENTS EDITOR Aurel von Richthofen Future Cities Laboratory Urban Redevelopment Authority URBAN ELEMENTS URBAN ELEMENTS ADVANCED STUDIES IN URBAN DESIGN EDITOR Aurel von Richthofen Future Urban Redevelopment Cities Laboratory Authority Content Building Competencies 7 Siew Leng Fun Rethinking Design Education 10 Kees Christiaanse Element, System and Milieu 12 Stephen Cairns Introduction to Advanced Studies in Urban Design 14 Stephen Cairns, Aurel von Richthofen, Dietmar Leyk U R B A N A N A L Y S I S 19 Parametric Urban Design Tools 67 Aurel von Richthofen, Katja Knecht, Yufan Miao, Reinhard König U R B A N E L E M E N T S 89 Test-Bedding Urban Design 147 Aurel von Richthofen Course Programme 165 Stephen Cairns, Aurel von Richthofen, Dietmar Leyk Lecture slides 183 Teaching Team 202 Contributors 205 5 Content Building Competencies Siew Leng Fun What is the role of architects in the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)? With their architectural training, they are in a good stead to carry out Urban Design work in the URA. We place a lot of emphasis on urban design to shape our city into a distinctive, dynamic and delightful place that is people-centric. In 2014, URA put in place a Competency Framework that sets out a 3-year training roadmap for our planners and architects to ensure that our professional staff have good theoretical foundation in urban planning and urban design and are competent in carrying out planning and urban design work. All young planners and architects would have attained foundational urban design skills and appreciation by the end of the 3-year programme which also includes on-the-job training. The training roadmap also covers our more experienced professionals who have worked in URA for more than 3 years. Given the huge advancement in digital technology, it is also timely to develop a programme in urban design that would also build up the competency in developing appro- priate digital tools and work processes using parametric 7 Foreword design. Urban design is an art as much as a science learn more digital tools such as Rhino and Grasshopper, that can only benefit with new tools such data analytics which included scripting! This publication therefore also and parametric design to test different scenarios with celebrates the achievements of the pioneer graduates of the digital visualisation abilities. We also recognise that good Advanced Studies in Urban Design programme. However, urban design outcomes require the ability to integrate even as we learn to use more digital tools, it is our values diverse disciplinary skills, including social and environ- and attitude revalidated through constant discourse on what mental analysis, archi tectural and landscape design. makes the city a better place for its people that will ensure While we have built up institutional knowledge in urban the best urban design outcomes for our city. Through the design, it is not often that we have the opportunity programme, participants had to deliberate, challenge and to review and investigate if there are alternative metho- articulate their views on urbanism in their written assign- dological and evidence-based ways towards deploying ments and their studio project. urbandesign tools and applying urban design thinking. With this in mind, we collaborated with the Future Cities “The great aim of education is Laboratory (FCL) at the Singapore-ETH Centre (SEC) to not knowledge but action.” develop an Advanced Studies in Urban Design (AS-UD) HERBERT SPENCER, programme for our more experienced architects. Custom- English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, ised for our URA architects, the three-term programme is sociologist and theorist intended to develop more in-depth understanding of the (1820 – 1903) considerations and underpinnings that would better guide urban design decisions and formulate well-grounded views of urbanism. The programme tutors would also take a dual There is no better time than now for our architects to put approach to teach parametric urban design using various the new knowledge they have gained into their urban design software for rapid sketching of parametric ideas. Studio work and in so doing raise the level of urban design analysis, projects would be conducted with an emphasis to define the inquiry and response to create a liveable city that endears urban issues, develop a deeper understanding and appre- itself to its people. ciation of site, history, social context and climatic conditions, so as to develop evidence-based analytics and formulate Fun Siew Leng Chief Urban Designer appropriate urban design strategies and responses. I would Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) like to thank Prof. Dr. Stephen Cairns, FCL Programme Singapore Director, Prof. Kees Christiaanse, FCL Programme Coordinator, Zurich and Dietmar Leyk, Scenario Coordina- tor for High-Density Mixed Use Cities, for their enthusiastic support and visionary leadership in developing this pro- gramme, as well as Aurel von Richthofen, Education Pro- gramme Leader for providing valuable tutelage to our par- ticipants. Tremendous support from URA’s management from the CEO to the Directors have made this programme possible. This publication documents the participants’ learning journey in developing urban design thinking and application. It has been a new learning journey for the participants and I applaud their tenacious efforts to apply themselves to Foreword 8 9 Foreword Our activities at ETH, the Future Cities Laboratory and Rethinking design practices, have been working on the integration of both a design-led approach and a science and policy-based perspective. This is gradually leading to a re-configuration Design Education of the profession of urban design. Urban design is the synthesizer of an interdisciplinary process, in which archi- tectural design, landscape, environmental sciences, politics, Kees Christiaanse economics and sociology to name a few come together. The digital era furthermore has on the one hand enabled us to create an amazing toolkit to design, simulate, model, visualize and validate or simply distill information from multiple data-sources; on the other hand, it has brought us an overkill of information, which requires new methods of information processing and filtering. Finally, since exactly this highly developed digital technology for measuring and sensing has unequivocally made us conscious of the fact that human life seriously endangers the future existence of the earth, and since this danger has a lot to do with the extreme degree of urbanization human life is causing, urban design is destined to be a key discipline in challenging this danger. The key to civilization is education. Education and the communication of knowledge, experience and values are Over the past 50 years Singapore’s URA has developed into the prime pillars of a civilized society. The city traditio- one of the most innovative and experienced government nally is the breeding ground of civilization, as the density planning agencies among the many cities in the world. The and interaction of individuals from different backgrounds URA therefore is the right platform to engage into advanced produce innovative thinking, tolerance and cultural research and education in order to co-develop the urgent values. The structure of the urban environment plays an need for responsible urban designers. important role in the establishment of this breeding ground. In contrast, societies without solid and open education Prof. Kees Christiaanse and communi cation systems often stagnate in their Institute for Urban Design ETH Zürich and Programme Coordinator development or even deteriorate. Future Cities Laboratory (FCL) Singapore The above has always been my motivation to practice education as a matter of course, next to my work as an urban designer and architect. Thus, as the need for a high-quality urban environment is evident, this is also specifically relevant for proper education, knowledge management in urban design. In the past, urban design has been treated rather step-motherly, either as a side-activity for architects, or as a planning activity form a geographical, political or engineering background. Foreword 10 11 Foreword Urban elements, he wrote, are ‘capable of accelerating the Element, System process of urbanization in a city’ (Rossi 1982, 87, original emphasis). and Milieu The term ‘urbanization’ as Rossi uses it, is quite different to the way demographers use it. For demographers the term simply means the shifting ratio of populations who live in Stephen Cairns urban rather than rural areas. For Rossi, urbanisation is a qualitative term. It refers to urbanity, and the qualities and character of a city. Both meanings are important. In the context of Singapore, where demographic urbanisation is almost total, the matter of urbanity has become more and more significant. Teaching urban design in this context involves foregrounding the question of urbanity. The course which is summarised in this booklet, begins with this premise