Gender Assessment for USAID/Tanzania=s S.O. 2 Partners Nancy K. Diamond, Ph.D. with Darry I. Rwegasira, M.A. for EPIQ/Tanzania May 1998 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary.........................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................xxvii I. Terms of Reference for the Gender Assessment..................................................1 II. Methodology.........................................................................................................1 III. Gender-Related Resources in Tanzania................................................................3 (Experts, Organizations, Libraries) IV. Discussion Framework..........................................................................................4 V. Literature Review..................................................................................................6 A. Tanzania=s Policy and Institutional Context for Gender Issues...............6 B. Tanzanian Gender and NRM Literature....................................................9 B1. Overview.......................................................................................9 B.2. Gender and Resource Use in Tanzanian National Parks...............13 B.3. Gender and Resource Use in Tanzanian Reserves .......................14 B.4. Gender and Resource Use on Community Lands Outside of Parks and Reserves: CBNRM...................................................15 B.4.a. Arusha Region...................................................................15 B.4.b. Tabora and Rukwa.............................................................20 B.4.c. Morogoro...........................................................................21 B.5. Gender and Resource Use in Tanzanian Coastal Areas.................21 C. Critical Issues for Gender and NRM - Reviewing International Experience..........................................................29 C.1. Gender and Environment/NRM.....................................................29 C.2. Gender and Community Conservation/CBNRM...........................30 C.3. Gender and ICM.............................................................................32 C.4. Intra-Community Issues..................................................................35 D. Summary.....................................................................................................40 VI. Findings, Team SWOL & Recommendations by NRM Regimes...........................42 A. Gender and NRM Regime Team 1: Tarangire & Manyara Protected Areas (PAs) & Community Lands...........42 A.1. Findings............................................................................................42 A.2. Institutional Gender SWOL for NRM Regime 4 Team....................45 A.3. Recommendations.............................................................................47 ii B. Gender and NRM Regime Team 2: Inside Ugalla Game Reserve and Community Lands.........................................................................................49 B.1. Findings.............................................................................................49 B.2. Institutional Gender SWOL for NRM Regime 2 Team....................50 B.3. Recommendations.............................................................................52 C. Gender and NRM Regime Team 3: Morogoro..............................................54 C.1. Findings.............................................................................................54 C.2. Institutional Gender SWOL for NRM Regime 3 Team....................55 C.3. Recommendations.............................................................................56 D. Gender and NRM Regime Team 4: Integrated Coastal Management (ICM).57 D.1. Findings.............................................................................................57 D.2. Institutional Gender SWOL for NRM Regime 4 Team....................59 D.3. Recommendations.............................................................................62 VII. Other Recommendations...........................................................................................64 A. EPIQ..................................................................................................... .........64 B. Other Synergies.............................................................................................65 C. USAID.................................................................................................. .........66 APPENDICES Appendix A: Gender Assessment Schedule and Contact List............................................67 Appendix B: Interview Guides for TCZCDP Staff and Community Focus Groups ..........72 Appendix C: Household Questionnaires for Tanga- English & Swahili Versions.............75 Appendix D: Gender-Related Resources............................................................................88 Appendix E: Bibliography..................................................................................................94 Appendix F: Gender and WID Statements in Tanzanian Environmental Policies............104 Appendix G: Gender Recommendations for TCMP Workplan Elements.........................106 iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. Terms of Reference for the Gender Assessment At the request of the S.O. 2 partners, EPIQ requested Aa field reconnaissance of gender information... to describe the salient gender roles in production systems in the SO=s four management regimes: national parks, game reserves, coastal ecosystem and community- based natural resource management, and how the program can integrate them to achieve results.@ The objectives of this gender assessment included: collecting gender information, giving concrete suggestions on how the program can reflect gender impact in its performance monitoring system; designing strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of women and men working in natural resource management; ensuring that gender issues are adequately reflected in natural resource policy interventions; assessing and recommending ways of building the gender capacities of partner organizations. II. Methodology The gender assessment team conducted a limited literature review in Washington, D.C. and a more extensive one in Tanzania. Washington, D.C. literature sources include: International Center for Research on Women, personal library of N. Diamond and EPIQ/W.D.C., African Wildlife Foundation. In Dar es Salaam, sources include Internet and computer databases, the personal library of D. Rwegasira, EPIQ library, Dar-based S.O. 2 partners, other donors & projects, Tanzania Gender Networking Programme library, GOT Bureau of Statistics and the University of Dar es Salaam library and miscellaneous institutes. In Tanga, we gathered documents from Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme and the Village Development Programme - GTZ. In Arusha, we collected documents from African Wildlife Foundation - CCSC library and VETAID. In Morogoro, documents were gathered from Sokoine University - TU Project and the SUA library. (See Appendix E) Interviews were conducted with staff from thirteen USAID-PERM partners. These partners are listed in Appendix A and include: EPIQ (Washington, DC and Dar es Salaam), AWF (Washington, DC and Arusha), WRI, TCMP, DOI (Washington, DC and Dar es Salaam), WWF, GreenCOM, TANAPA-Tarangire and Arusha, Division of Wildlife, Division of Environment-VPO, JET, Sokoine University and Inyuat e Maa. In addition, we interviewed several staff from the Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme, in addition to Tanga coastal community residents who participated in male and female focus groups (Mwambani) and household interviews (Kigombe). Other informants included gender experts, other donors working on gender and/or environment issues and a few other projects. (See Appendices A, B, C) The gender assessment was limited by available resources in Tanzania, time and the rainy season. In-country computer searching resources are limited. Due to the number of partners, we chose to place greater emphasis on gender issues related to conservation areas (parks and reserves) and ICM and less attention was given to work in Morogoro Region by SUA-TU. Additional interviews and secondary data were substituted for field visits to Arusha, Tabora and Morogoro communities. In Tanga, we were not able to randomize our informant sample and time only allowed for interviews with approximately 35 community member. iv For this assessment, gender issues are defined as program-related issues raised by the differences and similarities in both women=s and men=s interests/priorities, rights, responsibilities and access to resources and which are culturally defined and socially or legally enforced. A gender assessment uses rapid assessment methods and a literature review to quickly review potential gender issues and recommend programmatic activities which will lead to a gender strategy (a plan of action done with the participation of project staff ). The term, gendered, follows contemporary usage in the gender/WID literature and is used as an adjective and shorthand for Afemale and male@ (e.g. gendered data, the gendered division of labor, gendered rights). For the institutional SWOL, the strengths and limitation are used to refer to past or existing realities and potential gaps/weaknesses and opportunities tend to refer to current or future aspects.