The Extraction of the d=¯ u¯ Ratio in Nuclear Media by Marshall Scott A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Applied Physics) in The University of Michigan 2020 Doctoral Committee: Professor Wolfgang Lorenzon, Chair Professor Christine Aidala Professor Jianming Qian Professor Gregory Tarle Marshall Scott [email protected] ORCID iD:0000-0003-1105-1033 c Marshall Scott 2020 Acknowledgments First and foremost I would like to thank my parents, Billy Scott and Alyce Coffey, and my brother Langston Scott for always being there for me and supporting me throughout my life. Words cannot describe how fortunate I am to have these three pillars in my life. I would also like to acknowledge my extended family. A heartfelt thank you goes out to Tristan Geis and Thu Huynh for your love, kindness, and for being my home away from home for all of these years. I would also like to thank Rachel Moss, Liz Lindly, Daniel and Laurelyn Leimer, Kathleen Stafford, Alan McCray, and Micheal and Lauren Baird for your deep, loving friendship. I don’t know where I would be without Erika Ellis, Amee´ ”A. J. Maloy” Hennig, Jazmin Berlanga Medina, and Amy Ireton. Your insight, thoughtfulness, and support has often been the light at the end of a very dark tunnel. I would also like to thank Jerry and Leete Kendrick for always making me feel like family and Anastasia Rumsey and Leta Woodruff for the warmth and love that you have shown me over the years. A great thanks goes to Anthony Della Pella and the burger group: Will and Jade Clark, Jonathan Guzman, Jay Barraza, Jenia Rousseva, and Jeremy Waters, for all laughs and good times in graduate school. A special thanks goes to the Michigan group, especially Wolfgang Lorenzon, whose men- torship, guidance, patience, and understanding has been indispensable throughout my graduate program. I would also like to thank Daniel Morton, who has personally mentored and helped me become the researcher I am today, and Maris Arthurs for his boundless kindness and friendship. It goes without mentioning that I would not be where I am without the tireless efforts of the Applied Physics department. I am forever indebted to Cagliyan Kurdak, Cynthia McNabb, and ii Lauren Segall for always making me feel welcome, valued, and being there to help with navigating grad school. I am deeply indebted to the SeaQuest collaboration. To Bryan Ramson, Paul E. Reimer, Donald Geesaman, Charles ”Chuck” Brown, Yen-Chu ”Andrew” Chen, and Kenichi Nakano I offer sincere gratitude for always being open for discussions and assistance, and for helping become a better researcher. Finally, I would like to thank Arun Tadepalli for always being open for anything from an idle chat to an in depth discussion. You bring a depth of understanding, guidance, and humor that has been inestimable. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank Gay and John Stewart, and Daniel Kennefick for helping me start this journey to my doctorate by fostering my undergraduate physics growth. I would not be here today without the physics I studied in Gay and John’s classes, the guidance Gay provided throughout my undergraduate career, and the research I did with Daniel. I would like to close these acknowledgements by thinking my thesis committee, Wolfgang Lorenzon, Christine Aidala, Jianming Qian, and Gregory Tarle, for helping me finish this journey. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ii List of Tables vi List of Figures xiii List of Appendices xix Abstract xx Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Eightfold Way . 2 1.2 Quark Model . 4 1.3 Quantum Chromodynamics . 4 1.4 Deep Inelastic Scattering and Drell-Yan . 10 1.5 Nuclear Dependence . 21 1.5.1 Shadowing and Antishadowing . 24 1.5.2 EMC Effect . 25 1.5.3 Fermi motion . 29 1.6 SeaQuest Predictions . 29 Chapter 2: SeaQuest Spectrometer 33 2.1 Beam . 34 2.2 Targets . 36 2.3 Magnets . 38 2.4 Hodoscopes and Wire Chambers . 39 2.5 Drift Chambers . 41 2.6 Muon Identification and Proportional Tubes . 43 2.7 Trigger System . 45 2.8 Data Acquisition . 46 2.8.1 Event DAQ . 47 2.9 Scaler DAQ . 48 2.10 Beam DAQ . 48 iv 2.11 Slow Controls . 48 2.12 Tracking and Reconstruction . 49 2.12.1 Pre-tracking . 49 2.12.2 Single track reconstruction . 50 2.12.3 Dimuon vertex construction . 53 Chapter 3: Analysis 54 3.1 Data Taking Periods . 54 3.2 Data Selection . 55 3.2.1 Standard Analysis Constraints . 56 3.2.2 Machine Learning Constraints . 58 3.3 Dimuon Yields . 71 3.3.1 Standard Analysis Dimuon Yield . 73 3.3.2 Machine Learning Dimuon Yield . 74 3.4 STD and ML Yield Comparison . 83 3.5 Cross Section Ratio . 89 3.5.1 Background Subtraction . 92 3.5.2 Intensity Dependence . 94 3.6 Error Analysis . 100 3.6.1 Delta Method . 101 3.6.2 Fieller Method . 103 3.6.3 Asymmetric Confidence Intervals . 103 3.6.4 Model Choice . 109 3.6.5 Error Results . 109 Chapter 4: Results 110 4.1 Cross Section Ratio Results . 110 4.1.1 Standard Analysis Results . 112 4.1.2 Machine Learning Results . 129 4.1.3 Comparison . 150 4.2 Asymmetry Ratio Results . 155 4.2.1 Extraction Methodology . 159 4.2.2 Free Proton Results . 161 4.2.3 Carbon Results . 165 4.2.4 Iron Results . 168 4.2.5 Tungsten Results . 172 4.2.6 Comparison . 177 Chapter 5: Conclusion 187 Appendices 190 References 237 v List of Tables 1.1 Quark masses and charges. The u, d, and s masses are given at µR = 2 GeV , the c and b masses at µR = mc; mb respectively, and the mass of the top is the pole mass [20]. 7 2.1 Specifications for the liquid and nuclear targets [80]. Int. is an abbreviation for Interaction. The Spills/Cycle represents an average, for there were changes in the absolute numbers over different data taking runs. There is a slight number of in- teraction lengths for the EMPTY flask due to the interactions with the iron flask walls. 38 2.2 Hodoscope specifications [74]. The first number in Plane designates the station number and the letter the plane. The efficiencies of the Y hodoscopes are not listed since they were not used for triggering. 40 2.3 Listing of the drift chamber efficiencies of different chamber parts from Run II [88]. 43 2.4 Trigger Matrix specifications [74]. ”T” and ”B” referring to top and bottom track coincidences. This means for instance, that MATRIX 1 finds coincidences of TB/BT and +-/+- signifying that a positive(negative) muon track in the top(bottom) part of the spectrometer is reconstructed as a pair. 46 3.1 Table of roadsets with their respective run ranges, spill ranges, beam offsets, and magnetic field orientations. B flipped is the orientation opposite to the B field in roadsets 57, 59, and 62. 54 3.2 Table of POT delivered to the individual targets in Roadset 57. 55 3.3 Table of POT delivered to the individual targets in Roadset 59. 56 3.4 Table of POT delivered to the individual targets in Roadset 62. 56 3.5 Table of POT delivered to the individual targets in Roadset 67. 57 3.6 Table of POT delivered to the individual targets in Roadset 70. 57 3.7 Table of POT delivered to the individual targets for roadsets 57, 59, 62, 67, and 70. 58 vi 3.8 ML0 specifications detailing the minimization functions (Fun.) used, the set com- bination (Comb.), the target the ML was derived from (ML Target), the type of variable set (Type), and the individual target variable set for each data set. Uni., Sub., and Int. refer to the union, subtraction, and intersection combination sets, respectively. For the ML type, BB is the best background set and SR is the signal retention set. Lastly, for the individual target sets, OC is the Old Correlation set and BA is the All Power BDT Dependent set. 70 3.9 ML0 cut values for each target. 71 3.10 ML1 and ML2 specifications detailing the minimization functions (Fun.) used, the set combination (Comb.), the target the ML was derived from (ML Target), the type of variable set (Type), and the individual target variable set for each data set. LIQ is the combination of both liquid target sets. Sub. and Int. are the subtraction and intersection combination sets, respectively. For the ML type, BB is the best background set and RC is the ROC set. Lastly, for the individual target sets, OA is the Old set, OC is the Old Correlation set, and BA is the All Power BDT Dependent set. 71 3.11 ML1 and ML2 cut values. 71 3.12 Table of ancillary constraints for the CSR calculation. See text for details. 72 3.13 STD dimuon yields per IT bin for xT 2 [0:13 − 0:16). 73 3.14 STD dimuon yields per IT bin for xT 2 [0:16 − 0:195). 73 3.15 STD dimuon yields per IT bin for xT 2 [0:195 − 0:24). 74 3.16 STD dimuon yields per IT bin for xT 2 [0:24 − 0:29). 74 3.17 STD dimuon yields per IT bin for xT 2 [0:29 − 0:35). 75 3.18 STD dimuon yields per IT bin for xT 2 [0:35 − 0:45). ..