THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY Copyright and use of this thesis This thesis must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copyright owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisfies the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of integrity. You may infringe the author’s moral rights if you: - fail to acknowledge the author of this thesis if you quote sections from the work - attribute this thesis to another author -subject this thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author’s reputation For further information contact the University’s Copyright Service. sydney.edu.au/copyright Silent Witnesses: The Evidence of Domestic Wares of the 13th-19th Centuries in Paphos, Cyprus, for Local Economy and Social Organisation Volume Two Ruth Smadar Gabrieli A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry University of Sydney 2006 appendix - timeline Appendix I - Timeline This appendix is a summary of the political, economic, and social affairs and of natural calamities during the period under discussion. 965 Nicephorus Phocas annexes Cyprus to the Byzantine Empire. 1110 Baldwin captured Beirut, the Muslim emir fled to Cyprus, and Muslims’ possessions were transferred to the island. (Efthimiou 1987: 28). 1126 John II Comnenus extends the trading privileges of the Venetians to Cyprus (Marangou 2002, 112). 1136 John II Comnenos transfers the Armenian population of Tell Hamdun in Little Armenia to Cyprus. (Efthimiou 1987: 29). 1143 The first documented evidence to a Venetian trade colony in Paphos (Glatariotou 1991: 57). 1184 Isaac Comnenos seizes control over Cyprus (Efthimiou 1987: 30) . May 1191 Richard Lionheart conquers Cyprus. Shortly after the conquest, a mutiny that concentrated around the mountainous districts of the south-west (Galatariotou 1991: 43). May 1191-May 1192 Richard Lionheart concedes the island to the Templars. Following a revolt and bloody massacre he reassumes control, and transfer possession to to Guy de Lusignan. 1192-1194 King Guy de Lusignan. [Sugar industry probably arrives to Cyprus with the Lusignans (von Wartburg 2001b: 305- 6)]. 1194-1205 King Aimary de Lusignan. 1196 The Latin archdiocese was created in Nicosia, and three bishoprics were founded in Paphos, Limassol and Ammochostos (Galatariotou 1991, 44). 1202-1204 Four recorded earthquakes, and a number of seismic sea-waves, non of which caused great damage (Ambraseys 1963: 7). 1204 Constantinople falls to the 4th Crusade. 1205-1218 King Hugh I. 1218-1253 King Henry I. 1218 Queen Alice of Champagne, regent for the minor king. The queen grants the Genoese commercial privileges (Edbury 1986: 110, in Edbury 1999). 1222 Major earthquake, and an accompanying seismic sea wave flooded Paphos and Limassol appendix - timeline i-2 (Ambraseys 1963: 7). Saranda Kolones destroyed(?). The port of Paphos, according to Oliver Scholasticus, dried up, as did the springs and fountains (Hill 1952, Vol. 11:18, f.n. 1). 1225 Emperor Frederick II lays claim to the island (Grivaud 2002: 32). 1229-33 Civil war (Edbury 1998: 38). 1232 Henry I renews and extends the privileges to the Genoese, giving them property in Nicosia, Limassol, Famagusta and Paphos. The privileges include the right of the commune or individuals to build ovens to bake their bread (Edbury 1986: 110; Jacoby 1984: 159). 1236 Henry I grants more privileges to the French of Marseilles, Montpelier and other merchants of Provence (Coureas 1995: 261). 1244 The fall of Jerusalem (Edbury 1997: 20). 1247 Pope Innocent IV releases Henry I from his suzerainty to Frederic II (Richard 1985: 151). 1253-1267 King Hugh II. 1260-77 The Mameluk Sultan Baybar rules over Egypt. Takes over most of the Crusader cities, up to Antioch. 1261 Michael III Palaiologos recaptures Constantinople and a core area around the Aegean. 1265 Caesarea and Arsuf fall. 1267-1284 King Hugh III. 1268 Jaffa and Antioch fall. Plague in Cyprus (Hill, Vol. II: 179 f.n..). A number of minor earthquakes (Ambraseys 1963: 8). 1271 Baybars sends eleven ships to attack Cyprus. The fleet ran aground and was wrecked near Limassol (Edbury 1995a: 233/4, in Edbury 1999). 1284- 1285 King John I 1285- 1324 King Henry II (1306-1310 Amaury usurps). 1285 Margat (or Marqab) falls. 1287 Latakia falls. 1288 Henry II gives privileges to the Genoese (Marangou 2002: 96). 1289 Tripoli falls. 1290 Privileges to the Venetians and Genoese (Edbury 1991: 110). 1291 Tyre, Akko, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa, Tortosa, Atlit, and possibly Gibelet all fall within 3 months (Jacoby 1984: 154). Commercial privileges granted to the Catalans and Pisa (Richard 1985: 166; Marangou 2002 96). The fall of the Crusaders principalities signals the end of Cypriot glazed ceramics in the Holy Land (Stern 1995: 328). 1294 Venetian fleet destroys the Genoese tower and loggia in Limassol (Edbury 1986: 112). Plague (Hill, Vol. II: 205). 1303 Earthquake, only slight effect on Paphos (Ambraseys 1963: 8; von Wartburg 2001c: 132). 1306 Amaury lord of Tyre deposes his brother, Henry II, and gives the Venetians extensive trading privileges (Edbury 1986: 113). 1308 John of Ampierre, supporter of King Henry II died in exile in Paphos (Enlart, 355). 1310 Amaury is assassinated, Henry II returns to the thrown. June, the establishment of the Hospitalers from the Holy Land in Cyprus. 1316 The Genoese sack Paphos (Enlart 1899: 354). appendix - timeline i-3 1320 Easing of the Papal ban (Edbury 1991: 150). 1324-59 King Hugh IV. 1328 The Venetians obtained permission to open a new trading loggia in Paphos (Enlart 1899: 503). 1334 Cyprus joins the alliance of the Papacy with the Venetians and the Knights of St John in Rhodes against the Turkish expansion in the Aegean (Edbury 1986: 113). 1344 Combined Cypriot, Papal, Venetians and Hospitaler fleet captures Smyrna (Izmir) from the Turks (Edbury 1986: 114). 1347-48 Plague. Population declines by as much as a third around the Mediterranean (Edbury 1998: 41). Claims that the plague halved the Island’s population (Arbel 1984: 184; Hill 1952 Vol. II: 307). 1347-1451 A total of eight epidemics of the plague throughout the island (Grivaud 2002: 38). 1359-1369 King Peter I. 1362-3 Plague (Hill vol. II: 323). 1365 Peter I leads a crusade, attacking Alexandria and later Syria. Peace was signed in 1370 (Edbury 1995a: 233). 1369 Peter I assassinated. 1369-1382 King Peter II. 1372 Famagusta castle strengthened in preparation for the Genoese war (Edbury 1995a: 223; Marangou 2002: 84). 1372-1464 Famagusta in the hands of the Genoese. 1373 The Genoese sack Paphos and exert heavy ransom (Enlart 1899: 354, 503; Boas, 1999: 6; Gertwagen 1995: 518). 1382-1398 King James I. ca. 1391 James I order the construction of a castle in Paphos (Enlart 1899: 503). 1392 Plague (Hill Vol. II: 441, 446). 1398-1432 King Janus. 1403 War with the Genoese, siege of Famagusta (Storrs 1930: 16). 1409 Plague (Hill Vol. II: 464). 1411 Plague (Storrs 1930: 17). 1419-20 Plague (Hill Vol. II: 465). 1424-1426 A series of Mameluk raids, largely attributed to the Cypriot backing of pirates who supplied the royal sugar plantations with slaves. The sugar factory in Kouklia was sacked in subsequent raid but rebuilt (Arbel 1995: 159; Edbury 1995a: 225; Enlart, 503; Marangou 2002: 108). 1426 Mameluk invasion into Paphos from Egypt. King Janus fell captive in Khirokitia, and Cyprus become vassal state of the Sultanate (Boas, 1999: 6; Edbury 1995a: 223; Housley 1995: 189). 1432-1458 King John II. 1438-1439 Plague, continued for 17 months (Arbel 1984: 184). 1450, 1451 Ottoman raids on the northern coasts (Edbury 1995a: 231). 1453 Constantinople falls to the Ottoman army. 1458-1460 Queen Charlotte. 1460 James II, illegitimate son of John II received investiture of the kingdom from the sultan Inal, in preference to his half-sister Charlotte (Richard 1985: 152). Famagusta returns to the Crown (Marangou 2002: 85). appendix - timeline i-4 1460-1473 King James 11. 1 460-69 Civil war between Queen Charlotte and James II (Edbury 1998: 38; Grivaud, 2002: 42). 1461 Paphos castle surrenders to the king, then to the queen, and to the king again (Enlart 1899: 3 54). 1464 James II repossessed Famagusta (Richard 1985: 167). 1466 James II sends help to the emir of Alaya against the Ottomans (Housley 1995: 194). 1470-1472 Plague (Arbel 1984: 184; Hill vol. Ill: 645). 1 4 7 3-1474 King James III. 147 4 -1 4 8 9 Caterina Cornaro, widow of James II succeeds to the thrown, under control of the Venetian R ep u b lic. 1479 Venetian-Ottoman peace treaty, concluding 16 years of military conflict (Arbel 1995: 163). 1481 Four earthquakes between March and December, no major damage (Ambraseys 1963: 8). 1489 Formal annexation to Venice, end of Monarchy. 1490 The people of Famagusta petition Venice to repopulate the town (Arbel 1984: 184). 1491 Earthquake. Paphos severely hit (Ambraseys 1963: 8; Jennings 1993: 173; von Wartburg 2001a: 132). 1494 Plague (Hill vol. Ill: 820). 1501 Ottoman raid on Lapithos; captives sold at Antalia (Arbel 1995: 164). 1505 A plague killed a quarter of Kyrenia (Arbel 1984: 185; Hill vol.