Winter 2012 FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING The BRIDGE LINKING ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY Overview of Climate Engineering Eli Kintisch Offsetting Climate Change by Engineering Air Pollution to Brighten Clouds Lynn M. Russell Keeping Up with Increasing Demands for Electrochemical Energy Storage Jeff Sakamoto The Car and the Cloud: Automotive Architectures for 2020 Rahul Mangharam Playing to Win: Serious Games for Business Phaedra Boinodiris Engineering Tissue-to-Tissue Interfaces and the Formation of Complex Tissues Helen H. Lu Engineering 3D Tissue Systems to Better Mimic Human Biology Matthew Gevaert The mission of the National Academy of Engineering is to advance the well-being of the nation by promoting a vibrant engineering profession and by marshalling the expertise and insights of eminent engineers to provide independent advice to the federal government on matters involving engineering and technology. The BRIDGE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING Charles O. Holliday Jr., Chair Charles M. Vest, President Maxine L. Savitz, Vice President Thomas F. Budinger, Home Secretary Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Foreign Secretary C.D. (Dan) Mote Jr., Treasurer Editor in Chief: Ronald M. Latanision Managing Editor: Cameron H. Fletcher Production Assistant: Penelope Gibbs The Bridge (ISSN 0737-6278) is published quarterly by the National Acad - emy of Engineering, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC. Vol. 42, No. 4, Winter 2012 Postmaster: Send address changes to The Bridge, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. Papers are presented in The Bridge on the basis of general interest and time- liness. They reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily the position of the National Academy of Engineering. The Bridge is printed on recycled paper. C © 2012 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. A complete copy of The Bridge is available in PDF format at http://www.nae.edu/TheBridge. Some of the articles in this issue are also available as HTML documents and may contain links to related sources of information, multimedia files, or other content. The Volume 42, Number 4 • Winter 2012 BRIDGE LINKING ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY Editor’s Note 3 Exploring the Frontiers of Engineering Kristi Anseth Features 5 Overview of Climate Engineering Eli Kintisch Adaptation to climate change may include two types of geoengineering: solar radiation management (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR). 10 Offsetting Climate Change by Engineering Air Pollution to Brighten Clouds Lynn M. Russell Research shows that the judicious targeting of clouds and selection of the size and composition of particle emissions can produce substantial cooling effects. 16 Keeping Up with Increasing Demands for Electrochemical Energy Storage Jeff Sakamoto Electric vehicles show promise in minimizing reliance on fossil fuels, but their widespread use will likely require a revolutionary advance in energy storage technology. 25 The Car and the Cloud: Automotive Architectures for 2020 Rahul Mangharam Informational needs in automobiles are transcending mechanical, electronic, and software boundaries to include programmed services for the driver and the vehicle itself. 34 Playing to Win: Serious Games for Business Phaedra Boinodiris Gaming techniques can save money, time, and resources while making departments and organizations more agile. 40 Engineering Tissue-to-Tissue Interfaces and the Formation of Complex Tissues Helen H. Lu The successful regeneration of tissue-to-tissue interfaces through a bioinspired approach may enable the translation of tissue engineering technologies from bench to bedside. 48 Engineering 3D Tissue Systems to Better Mimic Human Biology Matthew Gevaert Engineered 3D tissue systems can better mimic human biology and thus meet the growing need for more effective in vitro models. (continued on next page) The BRIDGE NAE News and Notes 56 NAE Newsmakers 58 C.D. (Dan) Mote Nominated to Be Next NAE President 60 Highlights of the 2012 NAE Annual Meeting 63 Remarks by NAE Chair Charles O. Holliday Jr. 65 What Are We Waiting For? Sputnik? An Explanation of Today’s World? New Ways of Working? National Strategy? Annual Address by NAE President Charles M. Vest 69 2012 Founders Award Acceptance Remarks by Nicholas A. Peppas 72 2012 Arthur M. Bueche Award Acceptance Remarks by James J. Duderstadt 74 Charles M. Vest President’s Opportunity Fund 75 2012 US Frontiers of Engineering Symposium 76 Mirzayan Fellows Join Program Office 77 Calendar of Meetings and Events 78 In Memoriam 79 Publications of Interest The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self- The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National perpetuating society of distin guished scholars engaged in scientific Acad e my of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and appropriate pro fes sions in the examination of policy matters pertaining technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the author- to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility ity of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional char- has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal gov ern ment on ter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, The National Research Council was organized by the National under the charter of the Nation al Academy of Sciences, as a parallel Academy of Scienc es in 1916 to associate the broad community of organization of out stand ing engineers. It is autonomous in its adminis- science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of fur ther ing tration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National knowledge and advising the federal government. Func tion ing in Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal gov - accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the ernment. The National Academy of En gi neer ing also sponsors engi- Council has become the principal operating agency of both the neering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages edu- National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engi- cation and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of neering in providing services to the government, the public, and the engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy scientific and en gi neer ing communities. The Council is administered of Engineering. jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respec- tively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org FALL 2006 3 Editor’s Note human-induced changes in the planet’s radiative bal- ance. Two presentations from this session are included in this issue. Eli Kintisch, of Science Magazine, provides an overview of climate engineering and of important considerations before such intervention is undertaken. In the second article, Lynn Russell, a researcher at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, describes the role of atmospheric aerosols in climate engineering and gives examples of recent field projects that have attempted to shed light on the basic science and physics of cloud Kristi Anseth brightening. The second session, chaired by Michael Degner Exploring the Frontiers of of Ford Motor Company and Sanjeev Naik of Gen- eral Motors, was about advances in vehicle electrifi- Engineering cation. Presentations focused on current research on, Every year the US Frontiers of Engineering (FOE) and challenges in, technology enablers such as energy Symposium brings together approximately 100 out- storage systems, electric machine drives, and electrical standing young engineers, ages 30 to 45, to share ideas system integration and control. In Keeping Up with and learn about cutting-edge research on a wide range the Increasing Demands for Electrochemical Energy of engineering topics. A unique characteristic of the Storage, Jeff Sakamoto of Michigan State University symposium series is that participants are competitively reviews recent improvements in automobile electrical selected from researchers working across the spectrum energy storage systems, where reductions in cost, size, of engineering disciplines in academia, industry, and and weight are necessary to increase the adoption of government. FOE provides these emerging engineering plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles (PHEVs and leaders with a rare opportunity to learn about the latest BEVs). He describes some of the recent improvements research in engineering areas other than their own and in battery technologies, industry targets to enable wide- to meet and network with promising engineers working spread adoption of PHEVs, and some of the ongoing in different fields. The meeting is truly memorable, and research to meet these targets. I encourage you to nominate your eligible colleagues. I Today’s drivers have high expectations for the safety, attended my first US FOE symposium in 1998 as a new reliability, comfort, and connectivity of their vehicles. assistant professor, and it is now my great privilege