OCS Study BOEM 2017-022 A ‘Ikena I Kai (Seaward Viewsheds): Inventory of Terrestrial Properties for Assessment of Marine Viewsheds on the Main Eight Hawaiian Islands U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Pacific OCS Region August 18, 2017 Cover image: Viewshed among the Hawaiian Islands. (Trisha Kehaulani Watson © 2014 All rights reserved) OCS Study BOEM 2017-022 Nā ‘Ikena I Kai (Seaward Viewsheds): Inventory of Terrestrial Properties for Assessment of Marine Viewsheds on the Eight Main Hawaiian Islands Authors T. Watson K. Ho‘omanawanui R. Thurman B. Thao K. Boyne Prepared under BOEM Interagency Agreement M13PG00018 By Honua Consulting 4348 Wai‘alae Avenue #254 Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96816 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Pacific OCS Region August 18, 2016 DISCLAIMER This study was funded, in part, by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, through Interagency Agreement Number M13PG00018 with the US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. This report has been technically reviewed by the ONMS and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the US Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Environmental Studies Program Information System website and search on OCS Study BOEM 2017-022. CITATION Watson TK, Hoomanawanui K, Thurman R, Thao B, Boyne K. 2017. Na ‘Ikena I Kai (Seaward Viewsheds): Inventory of Terrestrial Properties for Assessment of Marine Viewsheds on the Eight Main Hawaiian Islands. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Pacific OCS Region, Camarillo, CA. OCS Study BOEM 2017-022. 137 pages, with appendices. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Note on Orthography and Translation It is the practice of Honua Consulting to use diacritical markers when using the Hawaiian language as encouraged by our kūpuna (elders), enabling proper pronunciation and translation. When quoting historical sources, those sources are cited precisely as written, no diacritical markings are added if none are used in the original materials. Literal translations are liberally provided in this publication as this document is intended for a wide audience unfamiliar with the Hawaiian language. It should be noted the Hawaiian language is an official language of the state of Hawai‘i under the Hawai‘i State Constitution. ii Executive Summary The State of Hawai‘i and the remainder of the United States are committed to finding ways of reducing dependencies on fossil fuels, which requires exploration of renewable energy options. One of these options includes offshore renewable energy. Understanding the locations and types of significant archaeological and cultural resources is essential for the preservation of these sites. Archaeologically and culturally significant sites should be considered and avoided when planning for offshore renewable energy development. Some considerations, among others, include resources and areas that are important to the cultural history of the Hawaiian Islands as well as resources and areas important to contemporary Native Hawaiian communities. As part of the larger project, Maritime Cultural Resources Site Assessment in the Main Hawaiian Islands, Honua Consulting conducted independent research at the State of Hawai‘i Historic Preservation Division and related collections to develop a report and digital file of terrestrial properties that may be visually affected from offshore renewable energy siting. The data collected included historic and archaeological information related to all properties, including those properties nominated to – or eligible for listing on – the National Register of Historic Places, compiled into a geographic inventory, and presented in this report. Additionally, the Contractor drew from a breadth of Hawaiian language resources to develop a wholly unique thematic inventory consisting of two subcategories. The first subcategory is “akua viewsheds” or viewsheds that are significant through their historic association with spiritual figures or deities. The second subcategory is “ali‘i viewsheds,” which are viewsheds that are culturally significant through their association with Hawaiian chiefs. While there is some overlap between the categories, the latter category was primarily developed through Hawaiian language resources, chants, mo‘olelo (stories) and other products of Native Hawaiian intangible cultural heritage, highlighting the value of both native language and oral history resources in identifying culturally significant places. The result is a new paradigm in approaching the identification of significant sites in Hawai‘i and a truly helpful baseline for assessing how renewable energy projects may impact historic viewsheds. The methodology employed herein is one to model, as it demonstrates that use of federal and state registers alone is largely insufficient in identifying places of historic significance to indigenous populations. This study offers a highly productive alternative, and while it does not presume to have identified every site with its limited time and resources, it has certainly provided its audience with a wholly unique and insightful perspective into how Hawaiian cultural viewsheds are shaped and valued using the full breadth of Hawaiian historical resources available today. iii Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ vi Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... vi 1 Background ...............................................................................................................................1 1.1 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 DELIVERABLES ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Significance Evaluation of Cultural Properties ........................................................................ 3 1.2.2 Integrity Evaluation ................................................................................................................. 4 1.2.3 Hawai‘i’s Traditional Heritage: Natural and Cultural Resources ............................................. 5 1.2.4 Cultural History and Uses ........................................................................................................ 5 2 Viewshed Inventory ...................................................................................................................6 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 METHODOLOGY AND PRESENTATION OF INVENTORY .................................................................................. 7 2.2.1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Presentation of Inventory ....................................................................................................... 8 3 Nā ‘Ikena Akua (Akua Viewsheds) ............................................................................................ 10 3.1 PELEHONUAMEA: AN EXAMPLE ............................................................................................................. 10 3.1.1 Mai Kahiki Mai: Pele Travels from Kahiki to Hawai‘i ............................................................. 11 4 Nā ‘Ikena Ali‘i (Ali‘i Viewsheds) ................................................................................................ 27 4.1 PĀKA‘A AND KŪAPAKA‘A: AN EXAMPLE ................................................................................................. 27 5 Geographic Viewsheds ............................................................................................................. 42 5.1 HAWAI‘I ISLAND ................................................................................................................................. 43 5.1.2 Hāmākua District ................................................................................................................... 46 5.1.3 Ka‘Ū District ........................................................................................................................... 46 5.1.4 Kona District .......................................................................................................................... 48 5.1.5 North Kona ............................................................................................................................ 48 5.1.6 South Kona ...........................................................................................................................