Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12600-7 - Lost in Transition: Youth, Work, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan Mary C. Brinton Index More information Index absences from school, 91–3 Basic Survey of Employment Structure , academic high schools. See general high 181 schools benefi ts, employment, 135–6 , 172 adult education, 17 births, 16 , 48 , 97 , 187 adulthood, transition to, 9–11 , 13–14 , 18 blanket recruitment, 48 , 68 advancement rates, university, 47 , 102 , blue-collar jobs, 27 , 48 , 66–8 , 134n12 , 177 176–8 age: at fi rst childbirth, 16 ; at fi rst marriage, bonus systems, 136 15–17 ; employment and, 22–3 , 28–9 , Bourdieu, Pierre, 9 172 , 179–80 ; Brinton, Mary, 35 , 51–4 of students, 17 Age Discrimination Act (1975), 17n16 capital, types of, 53–4 , 155 . See also social Americanization, 184 capital anomie, 183 career paths, 12 , 74 anshin , 2 , 19 , 31 , 87–8 Chauvel, Louis, 10 Aoki, Masahiko, 40 class. See social class apprenticeship systems, 38–40 , 171–2 clerical jobs, 134–5 arubaito . See employment, part-time cohort, 9–10 . See also generations attachment. See also ties, personal: stability Coleman, James, 8 , 173 of 184–6 ; to family, 31n19 ; to schools, colleges. See higher education 64 , 89–94 , 145–6 ; to social structures, commercial high schools , 40 , 80 , 138 . 31n19 ; to workplace, 11 , 19 , 50 , 64 , See also vocational high schools 66 , 88 , 163 , 186 company person, 171 attendance, 91–3 comparative statistics: on government Austria, 171 spending, 40–1 ; on job training, 37–41 , 171 ; on labor markets, 20 , 23 , ba . See also ties, personal ; ties, school- 26–7 , 172 ; on vocational education employer: decline in centrality of, enrollment, 37–8 ; 31–2 , 64–5 , 88–9 , 94–6 ; defi nition of, on wages, 67 2–3 ; importance of, 4, 14 , 18 , 31–2 , competition between schools, 81–2 , 91 , 184–6 ; in United States, 4 ; of schools, 94–5 , 140–4 , 158 64–5 , 94–6 ; of workplace, 39 , 61–2 , comprehensive technical schools, 40 . 65 See also vocational high schools 197 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12600-7 - Lost in Transition: Youth, Work, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan Mary C. Brinton Index More information 198 Index contingent labor. See employment, hiring preferences of, 56 , 58 , 79 , 89 , part-time 103 , 117–18 , 134n12 , 173 ; honesty contract employees, 24–5 , 71–5 , 163 of, 158–9 , 174 ; infl uences on, 158–9 , contract employers, 100 174 ; opinions of, about system, 19 , cooperation between schools, 141 43 , 58–61 , 64 , 78 , 94 , 97 , 99–100 , counterfactual probabilities, 113 117 , 170–1 , 177 ; recruitment by, crime rates, 182 44–6 , 111–16 , 137–44 ; relationship cultural capital, 155 of, to employees, 26–7 , 45 , 102 , 111 , cultural toolkit, 10n10 117–18 , 135–6 , 185 ; restrictions on, 12 , 19 , 24–6 , 44 ; role of, 64–5 , 96–7 dankai no sedai . See generations employment. See also employment, demand for labor, 5 , 100–2 , 105 , 113–15 , entry-level ; employment, full-time ; 119–20 , 146 , 174 employment, part-time ; fur ītā ; job discouraged workers, 28–9 , 124–6 . openings ; job search: guaranteed and See also NEET lifetime, 12 , 13–14 , 19 , 48 , 69 , 104 , discrimination, gender, 56n19 , 169 179 ; historical trends in, 1–2 , 71 , disengagement of students, 89–93 , 145–6 . 73–5 , 176 ; legal aspects of, 17n16 , 24 , See also absences from school 42 , 44 ; lifetime, 69 , 179 ; of students, dropouts, 96 16 , 47 , 64–6 , 88–94 , 151–3 , 171–5 ; dual labor market, 69 , 169 , 180 of women, 13–14 , 17–19 , 25–7 , 30 , 31n19 ; rates of, 123–6 ; regular, 12 , early work experience, 70–5 , 77 , 154–65 , 19 , 24–5 , 71 , 73–5 , 176 ; regulation 174 , 186 . See also Youth Survey and protection of, 24–7 ; restructuring earnings. See wages of, 6–7 ; temporary and irregular, economic conditions: changes in, 1–2 ; 5–6n4 , 25 , 27–30, 71–5 employment and, 20–2 , 25 , 101 , 146 ; employment security law, 24 school-to-work system and, 6–7 , 64 , employment system. See school-work 115 , 167 system economic growth. See high economic employment, entry-level: availability of, growth period 19 , 35 , 79 , 89 , 145–6 ; part-time, economic inequality, 25–6 , 67 , 178–82 104–5 ; recruitment for, 42 , 58 , educational attainment: by generation, 99 , 177 70–1 ; employment and, 53–4 , 67 ; employment, full-time: benefi ts of, 135–6 , levels of, 154n1 ; role of, in society, 163 , 187 ; decrease in, 64–5 , 71–3 , 2–4 , 11–12 , 74–6 89 ; expectation of, 16 , 18–19 , 30–2 ; educational reform, 39 , 42–4 , 171 , 177–8 factors affecting, 73–9 , 155 ; role effi ciency, 59 of schools in securing, 76 ; types of, eiky ū shūshoku . See employment, 116–17 guaranteed and lifetime employment, part-time: and ba , 32 ; employees. See also labor demand and benefi ts and drawbacks to, 89–92 , supply: attachment of, to workplace , 136 , 171 ; historical trends in, 27 , 71 , 11 , 19 , 117 , 175–6 ; contract, 24–5 , 74–8 ; increase in, 30 , 64–5 , 73 , 104 ; 71–5 , 163 ; irregular, 27–30 , 73 ; of students, 16 , 47 , 64–6 , 88–94 , regular, 71 , 73–5 , 176 ; relationships 151–3 , 171–5 ; restructuring and, 6 ; between, 60 ; satisfaction of, 153 , school ties and, 116–17 156–8 , 160–2 engagement in school, 89–93 , 145–6 employer policy, 35 entrance examinations, 83 Employer Survey, 55–8 , 96–7 , 110–111 , 117 entry-level jobs. See employment, entry-level employers. See also ties, school-employer: Esping-Andersen, Gösta, 10 benefi ts offered by , 38–9 , 135–6 , examination preparation, 95–6 172 ; descriptions of, 44 , 57 , 134–5 ; examination system, university, 96 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12600-7 - Lost in Transition: Youth, Work, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan Mary C. Brinton Index More information Index 199 exploitation, 176 Hello Work, 42–5 , 42n9 , 161 external labor market, 33 , 40 , 154 , 168–9 high economic growth period, 17–18 , 34 , 70 , 146 family system. See also parents: life of , 97 ; high school graduates: continuing postwar, 13–19 , 30 ; structure of, education of, 126–30 , 154n1 ; 103–4 employment trends of, 91 , 117–18 , feeder schools, 132n10 176–7 ; idleness among, 121–30 , fertility rates, 48 , 97 , 187 144–5 ; job search of, 53–4 , 126–30 ; fi rm-internal labor markets, 48 , 67–9 opinions about, 111 ; opportunities fi rm-school networks. See ties, available to, 79 , 89 , 101–3 , 116–17 , school-employer 145–6 , 177 fi rm-specifi c work experience, 48, 67–9 high school students: attendance fi xed-term contracts, 24–5 and persistence of, 91 , 95–6 ; Fukuzawa, Rebecca, 95n9 characteristics of, 45–6 , 89 , 103–4 ; fur ītā, 5–7 , 71–5 , 180 competition among, 99 ; employment of, 16 , 47 , 64–6 , 89–94 , 151–3 , Genda, Yūji, 6–7 , 25–6 , 180–2 , 186 171–5 ; engagement of, with school, gender. See also women: and fur ītā , 89–93 , 145–6 , 174–6 ; opinions 5–6n4 ; discrimination, 56n19 , 169 ; about, 46–7, 171 ; relationship of, to irregular employment and, 30 ; employers, 45 ; training and goals of, recruitment and, 139 ; roles, 13–14 87 , 108 , 150 , 152 general high schools: competition between, high schools. See also school-work system; 140–1 ; description of, 39 , 106–9 ; teachers, role of ; ties, school-employer: idleness rates of, 144 , 146 ; opinions as ba , 64–6 , 89 , 91–6 ; curricula in, about students in, 90 , 111 , 117 , 150 ; 37–9 , 99–100 ; descriptive data on, opportunities for graduates of, 89 , 106–9 ; employers’ opinions about, 102 , 140–4 , 156–64 , 176 ; recruitment 58–60 ; enrollment in, 2n2 , 39 , 47 , from, 111 , 117 , 137–9 , 141–4 ; student 71 ; hierarchy of, 80–4 , 88 , 91 , 94–6 , attachment to, 91 , 94–5 ; teachers and 99–100 , 129–30 , 136–9 , 141–6 , guidance at, 81 , 92–3 ; ties of, 104 , 158 ; infl uence of, 150 , 158–9 , 174 ; 110 , 113–16 recruitment at, 82 , 138–40 ; types of, generations, 9–11 , 14 , 70–1 40 , 111 ; value of degree from, 70 , 74–6 Germany, 36 , 171 high schools, high-ranking: ba of, 94–6 ; Gini coeffi cient, 179–80 culture of, 81–3 , 95–6 ; job placement golden eggs, 48 , 79 , 151 at, 93–5 , 136–9 ; students and government expenditures, 40–1 graduates from, 83–4 , 92–4 , 103–4 , government policy, 35 129–30 ; ties of, 115 Granovetter, Mark, 49–50 high schools, low-ranking: ba of, 94–5 ; Great Britain, 67 culture of, 81–4 ; job placement at, guaranteed employment. See employment, 72 , 85–6 , 136–9 , 158 ; students and guaranteed and lifetime graduates from, 90–4 , 103–4 , 129–30 , guidance departments. See also teachers: 141–6 ; ties of, 115 challenges of 81 ; perspectives of, 45 , high schools, mid-ranking: activities at, 89; 47 , 84–6 ; role of, in job placement, graduates of, 129–30 , 141–4 ; 44 , 46 , 59 , 92–3 , 123 , 158–9 , 174–6 ; ties of, 115 structure of, 85–6 ; students’ use of, higher education: employment and, 117 , 92–4 , 162 , 164 177 ; enrollment in, 47 , 71 , 83–4 , 91 , guidebooks, high school, 80–1 102 , 127–30 , 132 , 177 ; examination system in, 96 ; fi nancial aspects of, 36 , habitus , 9 103 , 162 ; graduates of, 70–1 , 102 , Hara, Junsuke, 178 151–5 ; students in, 17 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12600-7 - Lost in Transition: Youth, Work, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan Mary C.