TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Study Description ................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Study Background ................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Study Topics ......................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Country Selection ................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 5 1.6 Defining NIT ........................................................................................................ 5 1.7 Defining the NIT Workforce ................................................................................ 6 1.8 Literature Overview ............................................................................................. 7 1.9 Relationship to Science and Engineering Workforce .......................................... 8 2. NIT Workforce in the United States ........................................................................... 9 2.1 Expected Demand for NIT Professionals ........................................................... 10 2.1.1 Size of the NIT Workforce ......................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Expected Growth of the NIT Workforce .................................................... 16 2.1.3 NIT Workforce by Sector ........................................................................... 20 2.1.4 Government NIT Workforce....................................................................... 23 2.1.5 Other NIT Workforce Characteristics ......................................................... 25 2.1.6 Demand Due to Expansion of NIT in Other S&E Disciplines ................... 29 2.2 Supply of NIT Students and Faculty .................................................................. 34 2.2.1 Pathways to NIT Careers ............................................................................ 34 2.2.2 Supply of NIT Workers from Traditional NIT Disciplines ........................ 43 2.2.3 Supply of Computer Scientists.................................................................... 46 2.2.4 Supply of Electrical Engineers.................................................................... 52 2.2.5 Supply of STEM Educated Workers........................................................... 55 2.3 NIT Labor Market Dynamics ............................................................................. 61 2.3.1 Matching Supply and Demand.................................................................... 61 2.3.2 NIT Labor Market Indicators ...................................................................... 63 2.4 Access to Foreign Talent .................................................................................... 68 2.4.1 Foreign Workers in the United States ......................................................... 68 2.4.2 Offshoring ................................................................................................... 71 2.5 Concerns and Programs to Increase Participation in NIT Careers ..................... 78 2.5.1 Computing Education ................................................................................. 78 2.5.2 K-12 Math and Science Education ............................................................. 86 2.5.3 Perceptions of NIT Careers ......................................................................... 90 2.5.4 Facilitating Other Pathways to NIT Careers ............................................... 92 2.5.5 Lessons from Other Fields .......................................................................... 95 3. Underrepresented Groups ......................................................................................... 97 3.1 Women ............................................................................................................... 98 3.1.1 Women in the NIT Workforce .................................................................... 98 3.1.2 Women in NIT Education ......................................................................... 101 3.1.3 Concerns and Programs to Increase Female Participation in NIT Careers105 3.2 African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans .................................... 111 3.2.1 Minorities is the NIT Workforce .............................................................. 111 3.2.2 Minorities in NIT Education ..................................................................... 114 -ii- 3.2.3 Concerns and Programs to Increase Minority Participation in NIT Careers 117 3.3 Persons with Disabilities .................................................................................. 127 3.4 Lessons from Other Fields ............................................................................... 129 4. International Comparisons ...................................................................................... 132 4.1 Cross-Country Trends ...................................................................................... 133 4.1.1 Size of the NIT Workforce ....................................................................... 133 4.1.2 Other Global Workforce Trends ............................................................... 137 4.1.3 Students Pursing Degrees Abroad ............................................................ 138 4.2 Country-Specific Trends and Initiatives .......................................................... 140 4.2.1 European Union ........................................................................................ 140 4.2.2 India .......................................................................................................... 155 4.2.3 China ......................................................................................................... 161 4.2.4 Singapore .................................................................................................. 164 4.2.5 Taiwan....................................................................................................... 169 4.2.6 Japan ......................................................................................................... 173 4.2.7 Republic of Korea ..................................................................................... 181 4.3 Gaps in International Information .................................................................... 187 4.4 Lessons from Other Fields ............................................................................... 188 5. Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 191 6. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 219 -iii- FIGURES Figure 1.1: Distinguishing IT Workers from IT-Enabled Workers .................................... 6 Figure 1.2: Literature Timeline Overview .......................................................................... 8 Figure 2.1: Size of the Category 1 NIT Labor Force Estimated from CPS in Thousands (1983-2007)....................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 2.2: NIT Workforce as a Fraction of the Total Workforce (1983-2007) ............... 13 Figure 2.3: Size of the Category 1 NIT Workforce Estimated from the OES in Thousands (1999-2007)....................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 2.4: Size of the Category 1 NIT Workforce Estimated from SESTAT in Thousands (1997-2006) .................................................................................................... 16 Figure 2.5: Projected Growth of NIT Occupations Relative to Others (2006-2016) ........ 16 Figure 2.6: BLS NIT Projections Validation (1997-2006) ............................................... 18 Figure 2.7: BLS NIT Projections Validation (1999-2008) ............................................... 19 Figure 2.8: Changes in BLS NIT Projections over Time.................................................. 19 Figure 2.9: Fraction of NIT Workers by Industry (2006) ................................................. 21 Figure 2.10: NIT Workforce by Sector and Size of Company ......................................... 22 Figure 2.11: Fraction of Workforce by Employer Size NIT vs. All Workers (2006) ....... 23 Figure 2.12: Size of the Federal NIT Workforce .............................................................. 24 Figure 2.13: Age Distribution of NIT Occupations vs. All Occupations (2006) .............. 26 Figure 2.14: Degree Composition of NIT vs. Overall Workforce (2006) ........................ 27 Figure 2.15: Job Satisfaction of NIT Workers vs. All Workers (2006) ............................ 27 Figure 2.16: Reason for Participating in Work-Related Training: NIT vs. All Workers (2006) ................................................................................................................................ 28 Figure 2.17: Model Outline for STEM Education Modeling Project ............................... 34 Figure 2.18: STEM Model Feedback Loop ...................................................................... 35