Special Report HARNESSING MIGRATION FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA HARNESSING MIGRATION FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA SPECIAL REPORT Jonathan Crush, Belinda Dodson, Vincent Williams, Daniel Tevera ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was funded by UK aid from the UK government; however, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. We would like to thank the following for their assistance with various aspects of the concep- tualization, research, writing and production of this report: Fiona Clark, Bronwen Dachs, Caroline Skinner, Cathy Chames, Nana Davies, Tracey Phillips, Andries Mangokwana, Mariella Salamone and Saskia Greyling. Our thanks also to the many individuals and organizations who consented to be interviewed for this study and to Southern Hemisphere Consulting for conducting the interviews. © Southern African Migration Programme (SAMP) 2017 Published by the Southern African Migration Programme, International Migration Research Centre, Balsillie School of International Affairs, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada http://samponline.org First published 2017 ISBN 978-1-920596-32-3 Production by Bronwen Dachs Muller, Cape Town Printed by Topcopy, Cape Town All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission from the publisher TABLE OF CONTENTS iv Lists of Tables, Figures and Appendices v Acronyms and Abbreviations vi About the Authors 1 Executive Summary 7 Chapter 1: Goal and Objectives 8 Chapter 2: Methodology 9 Chapter 3: Contextual Analysis: Regional Migration in Southern Africa 9 Introduction 9 Migration Within Southern Africa 17 Migration to Southern Africa 17 Migration from Southern Africa 20 Harnessing Migration for Development 27 Chapter 4: Migration and Development as a Regional Challenge in Southern Africa 27 Introduction 27 Perceptions of Migration as a Regional Development Issue 28 Migration Initiatives and the SADC Secretariat 30 Gender Analysis of Regional Initiatives 32 Migration Dialogue for Southern Africa (MIDSA) 33 Challenges Facing a Regional Response 34 South Africa’s New Migration Paradigm 38 Chapter 5: Options and Entry Points 38 Introduction 38 Priority Programming Areas Identified in Migration Instruments 46 Opportunities Assessment 47 Stakeholder Recommendations 48 Gender and Migration Programming for Development and Inclusive Growth 60 Endnotes , -- Ê,/" Ê",Ê 1-6 Ê,"7/Ê Ê 6 "* /Ê Ê-"1/ , Ê, LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES 9 Table 1: Total Migrant Stock of Southern African 11 Figure 1: Total Number of Refugees in Southern Africa Countries, 1990-2015 from Other Southern African Countries, 1970-2014 10 Table 2: SADC Migrants in Other SADC Countries, 12 Figure 2: Total Number of Refugees in Southern Africa 2015 from Outside Southern Africa, 1985-2014 12 Table 3: Asylum Applications in South Africa, 14 Figure 3: Education Levels of Migrants in South Africa 2002-2015 16 Figure 4: Top Ten Migrant Occupations in Zambia 15 Table 4: Employment Sectors of Migrants and South 18 Figure 5: Country of Origin of New Work Permit African Citizens Holders in South Africa, 2014 15 Table 5: Occupations of Migrants and South Africans 18 Figure 6: Country of Origin of Work Permit Holders 17 Table 6: Region of Origin of Migrants in Southern in Botswana, 2012 Africa, 2015 19 Figure 7: Country of Origin of Work Permit Holders 19 Table 7: Destination of Southern African Migrants, in Zambia, 2009-2012 2015 20 Table 8: Diaspora Origins and Locations, 2015 LIST OF APPENDICES 20 Table 9: Major Diaspora Corridors, 2015 56 Appendix A: Stakeholder Consultations 21 Table 10: Proportion of Male and Female Migrants 58 Appendix B: List of Key Sources 23 Table 11: Social Security Benefits Owed to Ex-Mineworkers 23 Table 12: Remittance Flows within and to Southern Africa (USD million) 24 Table 13: International and Internal Goods Remitting in Southern Africa, 2008 38 Table 14: Programming Framework 39 Table 15: Analysis of Recommendations in Regional Instruments 47 Table 16: Stakeholder Programming Recommendations 48 Table 17: Proposed Entry Points in Programming Framework 54 Table 18: Diaspora Engagement Policies of SADC Governments ÛÊUÊ-"1/ , Ê, Ê,/" Ê*,", Ê ," 9-Ê Ê , 6/" - ACRONYMS AND LHR Lawyers for Human Rights ABBREVIATIONS LMPF Labour Migration Policy Framework MIDSA Migration Dialogue for Southern Africa ACMS African Centre for Migration and Society MiWorc Migrating for Work Research Consortium ACP African Common Position on Migration and NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations Development NIDS National Income Dynamics Study AU African Union ODI Overseas Development Institute AUF African Union Framework OSISA Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa BLS Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland PASSOP People Against Suffering, Oppression and CESARE Co-operation for the Enhancement of SADC Poverty Regional Economic Integration PF Programming Framework COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern PRSPs Poverty Reduction Strategy Plan Africa QLFS Quarterly Labour Force Survey CSO Civil Society Organization RCPs African Regional Consultative Processes DFID Department for International Development RISDP Regional Indicative Strategic Development DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo Plan DWP Decent Work Programme SADC Southern African Development Community EAC East African Community SADSAWU South African Domestic Service and EU European Union Allied Workers Union GCRO Gauteng City-Region Observatory SAMP Southern African Migration Programme GP Green Paper on International Migration SAT Southern Africa Trust ICBT Informal Cross-Border Trade SATUC South African Trade Union Council ICMPD International Centre for Migration Policy SDGs Sustainable Development Goals Development SIDA Swedish International Development ICRMW International Convention on the Protection of Co-operation Agency the Rights of All Migrant Workers and SURE Scaling Up Remittances Members of Their Families TEBA The Employment Bureau of Africa IDPs Internally Displaced People TVET Technical and Vocational Education and IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Training Development UN United Nations IFALLFD Institute for Applied Labour Law and Farmworkers Developmental UNDP United Nations Development Programme ILO International Labour Organization UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa IMRC International Migration Research Centre UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for IOC Indian Ocean Commission Refugees IOM International Organization for Migration UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social JLMP Joint Labour Migration Programme Development JPCs Joint Permanent Commissions VA Valetta Accord LEDRIZ Labour and Economic Development Research ZCTU Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions Institute of Zimbabwe -*ÊUÊÛ , -- Ê,/" Ê",Ê 1-6 Ê,"7/Ê Ê 6 "* /Ê Ê-"1/ , Ê, ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr Jonathan Crush is a professor and the CIGI Chair in Global Migration and Development at the Balsillie School of International Affairs (BSIA), Waterloo, Canada. He is the founder and director of the Southern African Migration Pro- gramme (SAMP) and has published extensively on issues of migration and development, diaspora engagement and food security in Africa. Dr Belinda Dodson is an associate professor in the Depart- ment of Geography at Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. Her research examines the intersection of gender, migration and development, with a regional focus on South- ern Africa. Vincent Williams is a South African freelance trainer/ facilitator and researcher for various institutions and organi- zations. He has been involved in migration policy processes in South Africa and in the region since 1997. Dr Daniel Tevera is a professor in the Department of Geog- raphy at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. His research addresses socio-spatial issues in the Global South, including urban governance, urban food security and migration. ÛÊUÊ-"1/ , Ê, Ê,/" Ê*,", Ê 8 1/6 Ê-1,9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The first two sections of the report outline the objectives and methodology of the research. The third section provides a contextual analysis of regional migration in Southern Africa The primary goal of this study is to present the results of a to demonstrate that migration is a quintessentially regional comprehensive scope of key opportunities and challenges for issue and development challenge. There are a number of harnessing migration for inclusive growth and development reasons why a regional – as opposed to a purely national – at the regional level in Southern Africa. The main objectives conceptual and policy approach to migration is desirable were as follows: and necessary: t 1SPWJEFBOPWFSWJFXPGSFHJPOBMNJHSBUJPOTUPDLTBOE t $SPTTCPSEFSNPWFNFOUTPGQFPQMFIBWFBMPOHIJTUPSZ flows identifying regional trends, drivers and impacts and constitute one of the major mechanisms of regional from existing research literature and official data; integration in Southern Africa (along with trade and t 1SPGJMF NJHSBOU DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT BU UIF SFHJPOBM MFWFM investment). Goods and capital move relatively freely including demographic composition, types of migration and legally across the region but people still face consid- and occupational profile; erable obstacles and barriers to movement; t &YBNJOFUIFSFMFWBODFPGNVMUJMBUFSBM DPOUJOFOUBMBOE t 7BTUEJGGFSFODFTJOMFWFMTPGEFWFMPQNFOUBOEFNQMPZ- regional migration instruments, policies, protocols, ment opportunities across the region have led to agreements and forums with a view to identifying