i Acknowledgments The present publication was prepared by the Transport Connectivity and Logistics Section, Transport Division, ESCAP, based on country reports prepared by national consultants and the proceedings of the Online Expert Group Meeting on “Smart Port Development for sustainable maritime connectivity in Asia and the Pacific”, held in Bangkok on 27 November 2020. The Expert group meeting was attended by a total of 75 participants from Ministries of Transport and Maritime Administrations from member countries, as well as representatives of intergovernmental organizations, port authorities, universities, research institutes and the private sector. The study was led by Mr. Sooyeob Kim, Economic Affairs Officer, Transport Division with Mr. Changju Lee, Economic Affairs Officer and Ms. Kyeongrim Ahn as core authors; under the general supervision of Ms. Azhar Jaimurzina Ducrest, Chief of Transport Connectivity and Logistics Section. Recognition of contributions is also accorded to Mr. Kiwook Chang, Expert on port infrastructure and logistics of Transport Connectivity and Logistics Section, and Mr. Ang Chin Hup, Mr. Deng Yanjie, Mr. Myo Nyein Aye, Mr. Sophornna Ros, Mr. The Cuong Trinh and Mr. Tony Oliver for their technical input to the study. This study report was prepared by ESCAP with financial assistance and technical input from the Korea Port and Harbours Association. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Grateful acknowledgement is given to the Government of the Republic of Korea for the generous funding of this study. This report has been issued without formal editing. 1 Contents Abbreviations and acronyms…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…5 Executive summary .......................................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 13 1.1. Sustainable Development Goals, 4IR technologies and port development.............................................. 13 1.2. Supporting the transition to smart ports ........................................................................................................... 15 1.3. Scope and limitations of the study .................................................................................................................... 17 2. Smart ports: Key concepts and global best practices .................................................................. 19 2.1. Defining smart port ............................................................................................................................................ 19 2.1.1. Main features and benefits of smart ports ............................................................................................... 19 2.1.2. The growing needs for the smart port development ............................................................................... 20 2.2. Global best practices in smart port development ...................................................................................... 21 2.2.1. China ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 2.2.2. Germany (Hamburg) ................................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.3. Republic of Korea ........................................................................................................................................ 24 2.2.4. Singapore (TUAS) ........................................................................................................................................ 25 2.2.5. The Netherlands (Rotterdam) .................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.6. United States of America............................................................................................................................ 30 3. Issues and opportunities for smart ports in Asia and the Pacific ................................................. 32 3.1. Status of port development in Asia and the Pacific ................................................................................. 32 3.2. Main issues in transition to smart ports in Asia and the Pacific ............................................................... 45 3.3. Development plan for smart ports in the ESCAP region .......................................................................... 46 3.4. Review of national reports .............................................................................................................................. 54 3.5. COVID-19 and smart ports ................................................................................................................................. 55 4. Technical innovation and smart ports ......................................................................................... 58 4.1. Port development steps ..................................................................................................................................... 58 4.2. The fourth industrial innovation and smart ports ........................................................................................... 59 4.2.1. Technical strategy for smart ports ........................................................................................................ 59 4.2.2. Strategy for the digital transformation to smart ports ............................................................................. 61 4.2.3. Technologies for smart ports ................................................................................................................ 62 4.3. Technology trends for 2021 ............................................................................................................................ 65 5. Smart ports in the context of the smart transport systems ......................................................... 68 5.1. What are smart transport systems? .................................................................................................................. 68 5.2. Prevailing smart transport applications and emerging technologies in the Asia-Pacific region ............ 69 5.3 Importance of smart transport systems in intermodal transport for smart ports ................................. 70 5.4. Applicable technologies and best practices for a smart port .................................................................. 75 2 5.4.1. Possible technologies for smart ports utilizing smart transport systems ................................................ 75 5.4.2. Study cases of using smart transport systems in smart ports .................................................................. 76 5.5. Challenges and opportunities ......................................................................................................................... 79 6. Stepwise approach to planning system implementation for a smart port with technology strategies 82 6.1. Preliminary requirements for starting a smart port development ................................................................... 83 6.2. Stepwise strategy by port level for smart ports................................................................................................. 84 6.3. Computerization of the recommendation system ............................................................................................ 87 6.3.1. Efficient IT resource management: Enterprise architecture .................................................................... 88 6.3.2. Minimizing trial and error (spatial constraints): Digital Twin ................................................................... 89 6.3.3. Pressure on productivity: Robot chatting, AI, Big Data, Blockchain......................................................... 90 6.3.4. Cost reduction (fiscal limitations): IoT, AI, Empowered Edge, Distributed Cloud ................................... 90 6.4. Port cybersecurity............................................................................................................................................... 91 7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 94 7.1. Measuring the impact of the transition to smart ports ......................................................................... 94 7.2 National and regional cooperation on smart port development Further direction ................................ 95 3 List of figures Figure 1. Summary of Fourth Industrial Revolution for Global Goal applications database ........... 13 Figure 2. Bond’s top 10 sustainability technologies ............................................................................................. 14 Figure 3. The reasons why smart ports are needed .............................................................................................. 21 Figure 4. The progress status of China smart port pilot project....................................................................