Rozana Vojvoda DALMATIAN ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS WRITTEN IN BENEVENTAN SCRIPT AND BENEDICTINE SCRIPTORIA IN ZADAR, DUBROVNIK AND TROGIR PhD Dissertation in Medieval Studies (Supervisor: Béla Zsolt Szakács) Department of Medieval Studies Central European University BUDAPEST April 2011 CEU eTD Collection TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Studies of Beneventan script and accompanying illuminations: examples from North America, Canada, Italy, former Yugoslavia and Croatia .................................................................................. 7 1.2. Basic information on the Beneventan script - duration and geographical boundaries of the usage of the script, the origin and the development of the script, the Monte Cassino and Bari type of Beneventan script, dating the Beneventan manuscripts ................................................................... 15 1.3. The Beneventan script in Dalmatia - questions regarding the way the script was transmitted from Italy to Dalmatia ............................................................................................................................ 21 1.4. Dalmatian Benedictine scriptoria and the illumination of Dalmatian manuscripts written in Beneventan script – a proposed methodology for new research into the subject .............................. 24 2. ZADAR MANUSCRIPTS AND FRAGMENTS WRITTEN IN BENEVENTAN SCRIPT ............ 28 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 28 2.2. Eleventh Century Manuscripts Written in Beneventan Script “Čika‟s and Vekenega‟s „Book of Hours‟”, “Vekenega‟s Evangelistary,” “Berlin Evangelistary”- Historiography and Arguments for Their Zadar Origin ......................................................................................................................... 30 2.3. Čika and Vekenega‟s “Book of Hours” (Ms. Canon. Liturg. 277 and K.394)-Types and the Origin of Decorated Initials – An Analyses .................................................................................... 37 2.3.1. Initials with human depictions .......................................................................................... 37 2.3.2. Zoomorphic initials ........................................................................................................... 50 2.3.3. Ornamental initials ........................................................................................................... 62 2.3.4. Geometric initials ............................................................................................................. 64 2.4. Vekenega‟s Evangelistary........................................................................................................ 68 2.4.1. The classification of decorated initials in Vekenega‟s evangelistary and their art historical context ....................................................................................................................................... 68 2.4.2. Vekenega‟s evangelistary, (MS. Canon. Bibl. Lat. 61), the “Berlin evangelistary” (MS. theol. lat. qu. 278) and the Osor evangelistary (MS. Borg. Lat. 339)- similarities and differences 84 2.5. The Transmission of the Beneventan Script and Illumination from Italy to Dalmatia in the CEU eTD Collection Eleventh Century- A Comparison with Split ................................................................................... 90 2.6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 96 3. DUBROVNIK MANUSCRIPTS AND FRAGMENTS WRITTEN IN BENEVENTAN SCRIPT .101 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................101 2 3.2. Eleventh and Early Twelfth Century Fragments Written in Beneventan Script Preserved or Related to Dubrovnik ....................................................................................................................103 3.2.1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................103 3.2.2. Analyses of an early eleventh century fragment preserved in Dubrovnik ..........................104 3.2.3. Late eleventh and early twelfth century patristic fragments written in Beneventan script preserved in Dubrovnik or of supposed Dubrovnik provenance -an analyses .............................105 3.2.4. Fragments with decorated initials (patristica, liturgica) – eleventh and twelfth centuries ..111 3.2.5. Some arguments for a Dubrovnik provenance for an illuminated fragment now in Split ...114 3.2.6. The origin of the discussed fragments - some arguments for a Benedictine scriptorium at the monastery of St. Mary on the island of Lokrum .........................................................................117 3.2.7. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................121 3.3. Late Twelfth and Thirteenth Century Beneventan Manuscrips and Fragments Preserved in Dubrovnik or Related to Dubrovnik ..............................................................................................122 3.3.1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................122 3.3.2. Two thirteenth century manuscripts of Dubrovnik origin, Missale Ragusinum and Libellus S. Nicolai ..................................................................................................................................123 3.3.2.2. Paleographical features of MS. Canon. Liturg. 342, a base for the study of a thirteenth century Beneventan script in Dubrovnik ................................................................................129 3.3.2.3. Libellus Sancti Nicolayi, - the origin of the manuscript .............................................130 3.3.2.4. Paleographical features of the manuscript and arguments for its thirteenth century date ..............................................................................................................................................132 3.3.3. Twelfth / thirteenth century fragments written in Beneventan script preserved in Dubrovnik or of Dubrovnik provenance - the analyses ................................................................................135 3.3.3.1. Thirteenth century Chantilly and Graz fragments - historiography and analyses ........135 3.3.3.2. Late twelfth / thirteenth century fragments written in Beneventan script from Dubrovnik collections .............................................................................................................................138 3.3.3.3. Thirteenth century fragments written in Beneventan script in Dubrovnik collections .142 3.3.3.4. Thirteenth century fragments written in Beneventan script in Zagreb collections - some CEU eTD Collection arguments for their Dubrovnik origin .....................................................................................145 3.3.4. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................148 3 3.4. Lokrum Forgeries – A Reconsideration ..................................................................................149 3.4.1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................149 3.4.2. The analyses of Beneventan and non-Beneventan documents in the group called Lokrum forgeries-proposal of new dates .................................................................................................151 3.4.3. The conclusion – the forgeries as a positive argument for a scribal practice in the Benedictine monastery of St. Mary on the island of Lokrum ......................................................166 3.5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................171 4 TROGIR MANUSCRIPTS WRITTEN IN BENEVENTAN SCRIPT ............................................174 4.1. Evangelistary of 1259, Evangelistary with free miniatures and Epistolary – Historiography, Date and the Origin of the Manuscripts..................................................................................................174 4.2. THE EVANGELISTARY FROM 1259 ..................................................................................181 4.2.1. Types and function of the decorated initials .....................................................................181 4.2.1.1. Bright colored initials of Beneventan type and their function ....................................181 4.2.1.2. Red initials and their function ...................................................................................183 4.2.2. Decorated initials in the Evangelistary of 1259 and the Dalmatian practice of illumination ..................................................................................................................................................184 4.3. The Trogir Evangelistary with Free Miniatures .......................................................................186 4.3.1. The master of the Trogir evangelistary and the analyses of the miniatures: patterns, gestures and notions of space