Ministry of Health of Ukraine Ukrainian Medical stomatological Academy It is ratified On meeting department Of accident aid and military medicine «___»_____________20 __y. Protocol №_____ Manager of department DMSc ., assistant professor __________К.Shepitko METHODICAL INSTRUCTION FOR INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS DURING PREPARATIONS FOR THE PRACTICAL LESSON Educational discipline «Emergency and Combat First Aid» Module № 1 Emergency and Combat First Aid Topic 7 Means of Mass Destruction. First Aid. Weapons of mass destructions. Lesson 10 Radiations chemical accidents .First Aid Сourse ІІ Foreing students training dentistry Faculty Training of specialists of the second (master) level of higher of education (название уровня высшего образования) Areas of knowledge _______ 22 «Health protection»_________ (шифр и название области знаний) Specialty ________222 «Medicine», 221 «Stomatology»________________ (код и наименование специальности) Poltava 2019 The relevance of the topic: Military action in modern warfare will be carried out with high activity and limit tension. They cause great losses in the army and among the population, the destruction of potentially dangerous objects, energy centers, waterworks, the formation of large zones of destruction, fires and floods. The main form of countering in the war, is armed struggle - the organized use of armed forces and weapons to achieve specific political and military objectives, a combination of military actions of varying scales. To conventional weapons, the application of which may cause losses among the population are missiles and aerial munitions, including precision munitions volumetric detonation of cluster and incendiary. Have the greatest efficiency high precision conventional weapons, which provide automatic detection and reliable destruction of targets and enemy targets with a single shot (trigger). The main types of precision-guided munitions are missiles of various classes and planned aerial bombs, which have a probable deviation from the intended target not more than 10 m. Specific objectives: To be able to provide pre-medical help with the defeat of poisonous substances and radiation damage; use of means of medical protection for chemical and radiation injuries. Basic knowledge, skills needed to study the topic (interdisciplinary integration): Name of previous disciplines Acquired skills 1. human anatomy Anatomy of the head and neck, anatomy of the chest, abdomen, pelvis and limbs. Anatomy of the vascular system. 2. Normal physiology Physiological basis of the functioning of the respiratory system. Tasks for independent work in preparation for the lesson and in the lesson: Students should know: - clinical manifestations of potent toxic substances; - Signs of radiation sickness; - principles of use of radioprotectors. The list of basic terms, parameters, characteristics that a student must learn in preparation for the lesson: Term Definition 1. Chemically hazardous facility. the facility where they are 2 manufactured, used as raw materials, stored or transported potent toxic substances; in an accident and the destruction of which massive damage to people, animals and plants can occur. violation of the technological process 2. Accidents at chemically of production, which leads to the release hazardous facilities. of toxic substances into the environment, which can cause damage to people, animals, plants. it should be considered a chemical 3. Toxic substance (toxin) compound of inorganic or organic origin, as it acts (unity of quantity and quality) under certain conditions causes poisoning with its specific symptom complex. it is a liquid with a faint odor of 4. Poisonous substances of skin- mustard, steady (from one day to several resorptive action. weeks), penetrate into the human body in any way. liquid without color, with a smell of 5. Poisoning substances rotten hay or rotten apples, under asphyxiating action. normal conditions, turn into a vapor state. Resistance on the ground 15-30 minutes. Vapor is heavier than air 3.5 times. Affects the respiratory system. crystalline substance without color. 6. Poisonous irritating Cause irritation of the mucous substances. membranes at a concentration of 0.005 mg / L. called the release of radioactive substances outside the nuclear power 7. Radiation accident reactor, which can be created the increased radiation hazard that poses a threat to life and health of people. this thread α, β, γ, and neutron radiation. 3 8. Penetrating radiation (ionizing α and β-particles have a small length of radiation). the path and do not affect the ionization. 9. X-ray. the dose of ionizing radiation in 1 cm3 dry air at a temperature of 0 ° C and a pressure of 760 mm Hg.St. forms of 2.08 billion pairs of ions. this absorbed radiation dose, equal to 10. Gray. energy of one Joule absorbed by one kilogram of biological matter. 1 gray = 100 rad. 11. Acute radiation sickness. polisindromnoe acute disease, develops after a single, repeated or prolonged over several hours or days external exposure, internal exposure of the whole organism, in case of combined irradiation of deeply penetrating ionizing radiation in a dose of 1 Gy. Theoretical questions for the lesson: 1. Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. 2. Classification is a characteristic of potent toxic substances. 3. Medical care in case of defeat by potent toxic substances. 4. The damaging factors of accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. 5. Radiation lesions. 6. Radiation sickness, signs. 7. Radioprotectors. 8.Domedtsinskaya help in combat and non-combat conditions. Practical work (tasks) that are performed in class: -conducting emergency "iodine prophylaxis"; -use of personal protective equipment The contents of the topic: Accidents on chemically hazardous objects. Chemically dangerous object - the object where made, are used as raw materials, retain or transporterowych highly toxic substances; the damage and destruction which can occur mass destruction of people, animals and plants. By chemically hazardous facilities include: 4 - enterprises of chemical, oil refining, oil pumping industry; - plants that use refrigerants; - the pulp and paper industry; - the food industry; - water supply and water treatment plants that use chlorine (water utilities); - the railway station Park for heavy trains with toxic chemicals, ports; - warehouses and bases where they keep the pesticides used in agriculture; - warehouses and bases with the substances for disinfection, disinsection, disinfestation; - the warehouses of the Ministry of defense of Ukraine with rocket fuel, missile parts with mines; - warehouses for the storage of highly toxic substances, toxic substances, pesticides; - laboratory, scientific research institutes, which use highly toxic substances. Causes of accidents on chemically hazardous objects: a) the failure of the assemblies, mechanisms, components, pipes, damaged containers; b) violation of integrity of welded joints and connecting flanges; C) failure to follow safety procedures, organizational errors, human error; g) violation of safety rules of transportation of chemicals; d) terrorist acts, acts of fraud, sabotage or sabotage; e) external exposure to forces of nature and man-made systems on the equipment. Accidents on chemically hazardous objects, the violation of technological process of production, which leads to the release into the environment of toxic substances that can cause destruction of people, animals, plants. Depending on territory, population, living on it, its density and the presence of dangerous objects, chemical objects are divided into four levels of chemical risks . Classification of chemically hazardous objects. Depending on the type of highly milking toxic substances, chemically hazardous objects are divided by: 1) the amount of chlorine - I degree - 250 tons or more; - II degree - 250 - 50 tons; - III degree - 50 - 08 tons; - IV degree - less than 0.8 tons 2) the amount of ammonia - I degree - 2500 tons or more; - II degree -2500-500 t; - III degree - 500-10 tons; - IV degree - less than 10 tons. 3) the equivalence coefficient of the existing toxic substance to 1 ton of chlorine: 5 - ammonia - 10 tons; - hydrogen sulfide - 10 tons; - nitric oxide - 6 tons; - hydrocyanic acid - 2 t; - phosgene - 0.75 t; - carbon disulfide - 125 kg. Classification of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. І. By the nature of the destruction: - without destruction of tanks, workshops, production; - with the destruction of tanks, workshops, production. II. By the number of affected people (animals) are divided: - without defeating people (animals); - single (the number of injured 1-2 people); - small (the number of victims 3-10 people); - medium (the number of victims is 11-50 people); - large (the number of victims 51-100 people); - gigantic (the number of victims is more than 1000 people). Classification and characterization of potent toxic substances. A toxic substance (toxin) should be considered a chemical compound of inorganic or organic origin, as it acts (unity of quantity and quality) under certain conditions it causes poisoning with its specific symptom complex. Explaining this definition, it should be noted that the effect of toxic substances on the body is due to their physicochemical properties. Among the physical factors, the aggregate state (liquid, steam, gas, finely dispersed forms, solid state), solubility in water and fats, hydrolysis rate, vapor density relative to air, volatility, boiling and freezing temperatures, heat capacity, heat