LLULL.vol. 17, 1994, 141-156 RELIGIONS AND THE SEVEN-DAY WEEK BORIS ROSENFELD* Pennsylvania State University, USA RESUMEN ABSTRACT Se considera la historia de la The history of the seven-day semana de siete días y de los week and of names of the days of the nombres de los días de la semana en week of various peoples is varios pueblos. Se investiga el papel considered. The role of Bible in the de la Biblia en la creación de la creation of the seven-day week, the semana de siete días, la aparición de appearance of numerical names of los nombres numéricos de los días de the days of the week of Jews, la semana entre los judíos, los Syrians, Arabs, and other Christian sirios, los árabes y otros pueblos and Muslim peoples, and the cristianos y musulmanes, y la spreading of these names among difusión de estos nombres entre los peoples of Europe, Asia, amd Africa pueblos de Europa, Asia y Africa. are investigated. * Author would like to thank Prof. Abhay Ashtekar and Prof. Augustin Banyaga (State College, Pennsylvania), Prof. Razaulla Ansari (Aligarh, India), Prof. Jelena Gill (East Lansing, Michigan), Prof. Sigurdur Helgason (Cambridge, Massachusetts), Prof. George Saliba (New York), and Prof. Julio Samsó (Barcelona) for delivery of the names of the week in Marathi, Kirwanda, Urdu, Irish and Gaelic, Icelandic, Syriac, and Catalan respectively, Dr. Gennady Kurtik and Dr. Alexander Rylov (Moscow) for delivery of the names of the week of many peoples of the former USSR, and Dr. Alexandra Aikhenvald (Florianopolis, Brazil), Prof. Anthony Cutler (State College, Pennsylvania) and Raymond E. White (Thcson, Arizona) for their very useful advice. Recibido el 3 de marzo de 1994 142 BORIS ROSENFELD LLULL 17 Se investiga también el papel de The role of Babylonian and las antiguas religiones babilánicas, ancient Greek religions and de la Grecia antigua y del mitraismo Mithraism in the appearance of en la aparición de los nombres planetary names of the days of the planetarios de los días de la semana week of Romans and Indians, the de romanos e indios, el papel de la role of ancient Germanic religion and antigua religión germánica y de la Christianity in the creation of the cristiandad en la creación de los names of the days of the week of the nombres de los días de la semana de peoples of Europe, the role of los pueblos europeos y el papel del Buddhism and Chinese philosophy in budismo y la filosofi'a china en la the creation of the days of the week creación de los días de la semana de of the peoples of Asia are los pueblos asiáticos. investigated. Palabras clave: Calendarios, Cronologías. 1. The Bible and the Appearance of the Seven-Day Week The seven-day week appeared in the Bible book Genesis in the account on the creation of the world in six days and was at first used by ancient Jews. The Hebrew name of the rest day Sabbath came from Babylonian name of the rest day sabbatum (Babylonians, like ancient Romans, used 7-8-day week determined by Lunar phases). The Hebrew names of the days of the week are numerical: Sunday - Yom rishon- "first day", Monday -Yom shani- "second day", Tuesday -Yom shlishi- "third day", Wednesday -Yom reveci- "fourth day", Thursday -Yom khamshi- "fifth day", Friday -Yom shishi- "sixth day" and cErev shabbat -"eve of Sabbath", Saturday -Yom ha-shabbat- "day of Sabbath". 2. The Days of the Week of the Eastern Christian Peoples From Hebrew names of days of the week came the names of these days in the languages of the Eastem Christian peoples -the Syriac, Greek, Georgian and Armenian names. The Syriac names are: Had-bshabc7, Trein-bshabd, Tla-t-bshabri, Arbac CRbtã Shabta-. First five of these names are-bshabá, Hamesh-bshabá, connections of the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 with the shortened name of Saturday and mean "first day after Saturday" and so on, the name of Friday means LLULL 17 RELIGIONS AND THE SEVEN-DAY WEEK 143 "preparation", since this day was the day of preparation to Saturday when any work was prohibited. The Greek names are: Kyriaké, Deutera, Trité, Tetarté, Pempté, Paraskeué, Sabbato. The name of Sunday means "day of the Lord", the names of 2th-5th days mean "second", "third", "fourth", and "fifth", the name of Friday means "preparation" and is the translation of the Syriac name, the name of Saturday comes from Sabbath. In some Byzantine documents Sunday is called Práté -"first", and Saturday is called HebdomE -"seventh" ([6], p. 166). There was also the third name of Sunday Apraktos hémera - "day when people do not work". Among the Georgian names Kvira, Orshabat'i, Samshabat'i, Otkhshabat'i, Khutshabat'i, Paraskevi, Shabat'i, and among Armenian names Kiraki, Erkushapt'i, Erek'shapt'i, Chorek'shapt'i, Hink'shapt'i, Urpat', Shapat' the names of Sunday are the versions of the Greek name, the names of 2th-5th days are, like in Syriac, connections of the numerals 2, 3, 4, 5 with the name of Saturday, the names of Friday are versions of the Greek and Syriac names, the names of Saturday come from Sabbath. 3. The days of the week of the Islamic Peoples From Hebrew names came also pre-Islamic Arabic names Yaum al-ahad, Yaum al-ithnayn, Yaum al-thaláthá, Yaum al-arbdd, Yaum Yaum al-carŭba, Yaum al-sabt. After the appearance of Islam Arabs replaced the name Yaum al-carába by Yaum al-junica - "day of meeting" (for prayers). Analogous to the Syriac names are the Persian names Yakshanba, Dŭshanba, Seshanba, Charshanba, Panjshanba, Juni ca, Shanba (the Persian name of Friday is taken from Islamic Arabs). The names of days of the week of many Muslim nations come from the Persian names: the Uzbeki and Tajiki names coincide with Persian names, the versions of these names are the Qazaq (Kazakh) names Jeksembi, Dilysembi, Seysembi, Sárstimbi, Beysembi, Juma, Sembi, the Qyrghyz (Kirgiz) names Jekshembi, Sheyshembi, Shershembi, Beyshembi, Juma, Ishenbi, the Turkmen names Yekshenbe, Dilshenbe, Sishenbe, Chárshenbe, Pershenbe, Anna, Shenbe, the Tatar names nikshámbe, Dilshámbe, Sishiimbe, Chárshámbe, Pánjeshámbe, Jomgha, Shimbá, and the Bashqort (Bashkir) names Yákshiimbe, Dilshámbe, Shishámbe, Sharshamby, Kesadhna, Yoma, Shámbe (the Turkmen name of Friday and the Bashqort name of Thursday are old Turkic names). The versions of the Persian names are also 144 BORIS ROSENFELD LLULL 17 some Azerbaijani and Turkish names: the Azerbayiani names are Bazar ("bazaar"), Bazar ertási ("day after Sunday"), Chárshánbá akshamy ("eve of Wednesday"), Chárshánbii, Jiimá akhsamy ("eve od Friday"), Jilmá, Shánbá, near to these names are Turkish names Pazar, Pazartesi, Sali (perhaps, the shortening of Sesembe), aç rslzmba, Per;sembe, Cuma, Cumartesi. 4. The names of the days of the week borrowed from Arabs Among the Portuguese names the first and seventh names Domingo ("day of the Lord") and Sabado (from Sabbath) are borrowed from Spanish, the other names Segunda feira, Terea feira, Quarta feira, Quinta feira, Sixta feira, which are connections of the word feira -"bazaar" or "free day"- with the numerals "2nd", "3rd,..., "6th", are borrowed from Arabs. From Arabic come the names of days of the week of many peoples of Daghestan. In this Northern Caucasian Muslim republic there are many peoples, and before the Russian conquest Arabic was the language of intercourse of these peoples. In particular, the versions of Arabic names are Avar names: hyat'an qo, itni qo, -talat qo, arbagh qo, khamiz qo, ruzman qo, shamat qo, Lezghin names: hyad yugh and bazardin yugh, islen yugh, salasa yugh, arbe yugh, khemis yugh, jilmá yugh, kish yugh, and Qumyq names: qatty giin, itni giin, talat giin, arba giin, khamis giin, juma giin, songu giin (the words qo, yugh, and giin mean "day", ruzman -"holiday", kish and songu- "last"). The names of days of the week of many peoples of Africa and Asia which obtained the 7-day week from Arab mercants also come from the Arabic names: the versions of these names are the Hausa (Western Africa) names Lahadi, Litinin, Tálátä, Liirább, Alhámis, Jumma'ci, Asabár (the letter 1 in the beginning of some of these names comes from Arabic article al-), the Malagasy (Madagascar) names Alahady, Alatsinainy, Talata, Alarobia, Alakamisy, Zoma, Asabothy (the letters al in the beginning of some these names also come from al-), and the Indonesian names hari Ahad, hari Senin, hari Selase, hari Rabu, hari Kamis, hari Jum'at, hari Sabtu. Among the Swahili (Eastern Africa) names Jumapili, Jumatatu, Jumanne, Jumatano, Alhamisi, ljumaa, Jumamosi only the names of Thursday and Friday come from Arabic names, other names are formed analogously from the name of Friday and numerals mosi = 1, mbili = 2, tatu = 3, nne = 4, tano = 5. LLULL 17 REL1GIONS AND THE SEVEN-DAY WEEK I 45 Among Vietnamese names Chŭ, nhát, Thŭ hai, Thiz' ba, Th ŭ ' tu', Thŭ ' nam, Thŭ ' sau, Thŭ ' bay the first name means "day of the Sun" or "day of the God", other names mean "2nd day", "3rd day", "7th day". 5. The Days of the Week of the Eastern European Peoples Besides numerical names of days of the week whose first day is Sunday (Biblical, Eastern Christian, and Muslim names) or Friday (Swahili names) there are also the numerical names whose first day is Monday -these names are used by Slavic and Baltic nations. The Russian names are Voskrense'ye (literally "resurrection" (of Christ) instead old Nedelya -"not working", the translation of Greek Apraktos hémera; now this word means in Russian "week"), PonedeVnik(day after Nedelya"), Vtornik (from vtoroy -"second"), Sreda (from srednii "middle"), Chetverg (from chetvertyi - "fourth"), Pyatnitsa(from pyatyi - "fifth"), Subbota (from Sabbath).