DEL INFRAMUNDO A LA REGIÓN MÁS TRANSPARENTE: EL SUJETO POLÍTICO RESURRECTO EN TRES NOVELAS MEXICANAS DEL SIGLO XXI By GIOVANNA RIVERO SANTA CRUZ A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 © 2015 Giovanna Rivero Santa Cruz To my grandparents, que me enseñaron el poder transformador de la ficción. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I deeply and sincerely thank Dr. Mary Elizabeth Ginway, my advisor, for her invaluable and meticulous academic guidance during the research and writing of this dissertation. She not only illuminated my process of analysis with her broad and experienced literary and theoretical knowledge and her genuine passion for fiction but she also gave me generous emotional support and turned my natural doubts into a precious source of learning. In addition to this, she enhanced my enthusiasm for this life decision that is the academy. Dr. Ginway is for me an admirable professional and a unique human being, a model that I want to follow throughout my career. I am grateful to the members of my committee -Dr. Efraín Barradas, Dr. Emily Hind, and Dr. Milagros Peña- for their intelligent and relevant advice with respect to the scope of my thesis. Profound thanks to Dr. Carina González, who proved to me that criticism should help one better love literature without condescension or ideological corruptions. Sincere thanks to all the professors of the Department of Spanish and Portuguese Studies who provided me with important concepts and knowledge and fostered the necessary sensitivity to approach literature from a critical angle, without bias and always with a youthful curiosity. My thanks to Dr. Reynaldo Jiménez, who received me at this university with a warmth that made me feel at home since the beginning of this long journey. Thanks to Dr. Gillian Lord, Chair of our Department, who always made possible that my teaching duties formed a vital part of my training. Thanks to Prof. Antonio Gil, in whom my family in Gainesville has always found an unconditional friend. And thanks to my students whose captivating youth keeps me in a healthy “state of questioning.” Thanks to my doctoral fellows, especially to Alexander Torres, Antonio Sajid López, Antonio Cardentey, Claudia Costagliola, Herlinda Flores and Patricia Infantino, without whose conversations and friendship the sense of homeland would feel far away. 4 Thanks to Tania Fleming, secretary of our department, for her kindness, her help and her words. Thanks to Richard Phillips and Paul Losch, unforgettable librarians from Smathers Library, who always found the perfect book for my desperate searches. Lastly, but in a more personal way, I thank with great love my family: my husband, Alexander Torres, my children, Luis Alejandro Antúnez and Irene Antúnez, and my parents and siblings, who have been patient and understanding during all these years and have been great partners of ideas and dreams that alone would lose all their meaning and power. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................................11 Resurrección del sujeto político en tres novelas mexicanas del siglo XXI (Contexto histórico-Marco teórico)......................................................................................................11 La Revolución Mexicana o el nacimiento de México a su modernidad .................................21 La novela de la Revolución Mexicana o la épica del macho ..................................................26 Surrealismo, Boom y la gran mitología de Octavio Paz .........................................................32 Los géneros “menores” frente a la Gran Historia ...................................................................41 El huésped o la nueva novela de la Revolución mexicana .....................................................50 Transhistoria y multiplicidad en Vidas perpendiculares ........................................................54 Señales que precederán al fin del mundo: el apocalipsis en la frontera de la Historia ..........58 2 LA GESTACIÓN VISCERAL DEL SUJETO POLÍTICO EN EL HUÉSPED, DE GUADALUPE NETTEL ........................................................................................................65 Palabras premilinares ..............................................................................................................65 El tren como paradigma del progreso mexicano ....................................................................69 Síntomas de la gestación: hambre y digestión ........................................................................76 La deglución biopolítica y la canibalización de los géneros ..................................................82 Comulgar, parirse, politizarse .................................................................................................88 Subterráneo-Resurrección .......................................................................................................94 Verticalidad, ceguera e iniciación sexual ...............................................................................98 Nutriente-Residuo: El renacer ..............................................................................................104 Ciudad Monstruosa-Ser resurrecto: hija de Saturno .............................................................111 3 LAS RESURRECCIONES COMO RESISTENCIA AL VACÍO DE LA PROGRESIÓN HISTÓRICA EN VIDAS PERPENDICULARES, DE ÁLVARO ENRIGUE .............................................................................................................................119 Palabras preliminares ............................................................................................................119 Jerónimo o la utopía ¿de la “raza cósmica”? ........................................................................123 La transubjetividad como modelo para una comunidad del siglo XXI ................................132 La sensibilidad perpendicular en la vida mexicana “actual” de Jerónimo o el nóvum barroco...............................................................................................................................143 Resurrecciones múltiples para una nueva modernidad .........................................................151 Ur: la pre-historia ..................................................................................................................153 El cazamonjes o el sujeto oscuro ..........................................................................................158 6 La doncella griega .................................................................................................................163 Conclusión ............................................................................................................................172 4 ACTUALIZACIÓN HISTÓRICA DEL MITO DE MICTLÁN Y RESURRECCIÓN POLÍTICA DE “LA MALINCHE” EN SEÑALES QUE PRECEDERÁN AL FIN DEL MUNDO, DE YURI HERRERA ..........................................................................................177 Palabras preliminares ............................................................................................................177 Benjamin: Alegoría y Tragedia ............................................................................................182 Mito, Mercado e Historia ......................................................................................................188 La Malinche como “constructo” nacionalista .......................................................................193 Mitificar, Resucitar y Redimir desde la escritura utópica: Mictlán en este siglo .................201 Descenso a Mictlán ...............................................................................................................202 Entre lo fantástico y la ciencia ficción: El éxodo del siglo XXI ..........................................217 El Mesías como ángel de la utopía: la sacerdotisa como mesías híbrido .............................222 Makina: México, el mito en la frontera ................................................................................230 Conclusión ............................................................................................................................240 5 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................................246 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................265 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................275 7 LIST OF TABLES Table page 4-1 Éxodo de Makina al “Gabacho” siguiendo los nueve estadios del “Mito de Mictlán” ...243 8 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy DEL INFRAMUNDO A LA REGIÓN MÁS TRANSPARENTE: EL SUJETO