THE OXFORD ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE PETER SAWYER THE OXFORD ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE VIKINGS Edited by P ETER SAWYER OXFORD UNIVBRSITY PRBSS OXFORD \JNIV1!11.SJTY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6oP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective ofexcellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogoti Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dares Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin lbadan Oxford is a registered trade mark ofOxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 1997 Th~ moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 1997 Issued as an Oxford University Press paperback 1999 Reissued 2001 All rights reserved. No pan of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means. without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law. or under terms agreed with the appropriate rcprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope ofthe above should be sent to the Rights Deparonent, Oxford University Press; at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Lll>rary Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Oxford illustrated History of the Vlkings Edited by Peter Sawyer p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Vikings. 2. Vikings-Pictorial works. I. Sawyer, Peter. 0165.094 1997 948'.022- dc21 97-16649 CIP ISBN 0-19-820526-0 (cased) ISBN 0- 19- 285434-8 (paperback) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Printed in Italy CONTENTS List ofColour Plates ix List ofMaps and Figures Xl List ofContributors x:iii Note on Personal Names xv i. The Age.of the Vikings, and Before PETER SAWYER l 2. The Frankish Empire JANET L. NELSON 19 3. The Vikings in England, c. 790-1016 SIMON KEYNES 4. Ireland, Wales, Man, and the Hebrides DONNCHADH 6 CORRAIN 5. The Atlantic Islands SVEINBJORN RAFNSSON 110 6. Scandinavians in European Russia THOMAS S. NOONAN 134 7. The Danish Empire and the End of the Viking Age NIELSLUND 8. Ships and Seamanship JAN BILL 182 9. Religions Old and New PREBEN MEULENGRACHT S0RENSEN 202 10. The Vikings in History and Legend LARS LONN ROTH 225 11. The Viking Legacy PETER SAWYER 250 VII CONTE NU Further Reading Chronology Illustration Sources Index VIII .