Journal of the Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association Volume 17, Number 1 (2017) Bruce Ronkin, Editor Northeastern University Paul Linden, Associate Editor Butler University Ben O’Hara, Associate Editor (Book Reviews) Australian College of the Arts Published with Support from The Journal of the Music & Entertainment Industry Educators As- sociation (the MEIEA Journal) is published annually by MEIEA in order to increase public awareness of the music and entertainment industry and to foster music and entertainment business research and education. The MEIEA Journal provides a scholarly analysis of technological, legal, historical, educational, and business trends within the music and entertainment industries and is designed as a resource for anyone currently involved or interested in these industries. Topics include issues that affect music and entertainment industry education and the music and entertain- ment industry such as curriculum design, pedagogy, technological innova- tion, intellectual property matters, industry-related legislation, arts admin- istration, industry analysis, and historical perspectives. Ideas and opinions expressed in the Journal of the Music & Enter- tainment Industry Educators Association do not necessarily reflect those of MEIEA. MEIEA disclaims responsibility for statements of fact or opin- ions expressed in individual contributions. Permission for reprint or reproduction must be obtained in writing and the proper credit line given. Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association 1900 Belmont Boulevard Nashville, TN 37212 U.S.A. www.meiea.org The MEIEA Journal (ISSN: 1559-7334) © Copyright 2017 Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association All rights reserved Editorial Advisory Board Bruce Ronkin, Editor, Northeastern University Paul Linden, Associate Editor, Butler University Ben O’Hara, Associate Editor, Australian College of the Arts (Collarts) Timothy Channell, Radford University Mark J. Davis, Entertainment Industry Management & Consulting, buzzgig.com Alexander Endreß, Popakademie Baden-Württemberg Brian Gaber, Florida State University Storm Gloor, University of Colorado Denver Keith Hatschek, University of the Pacific Michael Johnson, Berklee College of Music Dwayne O’Brien, Belmont University Patrick Preston, Cape Cod Community College Quint Randle, Brigham Young University Sarita Stewart, Belmont University Joseph Taylor, James Madison University Terry Tompkins, Hofstra University Horace Alexander Young, Santa Fe University of Art and Design Shawn Young, York College of Pennsylvania Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association The Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association (MEIEA®) is an international organization formed in 1979 to bring to- gether educators with leaders of the music and entertainment industries. The primary goal of MEIEA is to facilitate an exchange of information be- tween educators and practitioners in order to prepare students for careers in the music and entertainment industries. In order to seek professional practical knowledge and functional strategies in education, MEIEA endeavors to: • Provide resources for the exchange of information and knowledge about all aspects of the music and entertain- ment industries; • Foster scholarly research on the music and entertain- ment industries as well as on music and entertainment industries education; • Assist institutions with the development of music and entertainment industries programs and curricula; • Facilitate interaction between the music and entertain- ment industries and music and entertainment industries educators and affiliated educational institutions; • Promote student interests in the music and entertain- ment industries. MEIEA is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of education in the music and entertainment industries. Institutional member- ship is available to institutions of higher education. In order to be consid- ered for membership, the institution must be recognized, licensed, and/or accredited as a post-secondary educational institution. Organizations and business entities interested in supporting the mission and activities of MEIEA are encouraged to become sponsors of MEIEA through charitable support. Support of MEIEA activities by com- panies, institutions, individuals, and organizations that value music and entertainment industry education is greatly appreciated by MEIEA’s mem- bers. If you or your company would like to contribute to music and enter- tainment industry education please contact [email protected]. From The Editor Notice to Contributors The Journal of the Music & Entertain- ment Industry Educators Association is a peer- reviewed journal devoted to all aspects of the music and entertainment industry and music and entertainment industry education. All feature articles submitted for publication go through a blind peer review by an editorial board consist- ing of respected scholars, teachers, and industry professionals. Submission of articles in all areas related to the music and entertainment industry and music and entertainment industry education are welcome. Articles must be submitted in electronic format and should be sent as email attachments, preferably in Microsoft Word format. All submissions should use the normal style of citation, in conformance with the guidelines given in The Chicago Manual of Style. All notes should be consecutively numbered and should appear as endnotes at the conclusion of the manu- script text. In order to facilitate blind review, the author’s name must not appear on the submitted manuscript. A cover letter that clearly identifies the man- uscript must be included. Complete submission guidelines may be found on the MEIEA web site. Authors are responsible for obtaining permission for reproduction from the publishers of all copyrighted material used (musical examples, etc.). Submissions and correspondence should be addressed to: Bruce Ronkin Editor, MEIEA Journal [email protected] 110 Churchill Hall Northeastern University Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A. MEIEA Executive Board Executive Officers President Storm Gloor University of Colorado Denver Vice President Armen Shaomian University of South Carolina Secretary Carey Christensen California State University, Northridge Treasurer Clyde Rolston Belmont University Director of Membership Darren Walters Drexel University Board Members Cutler Armstrong Butler University Odie Blackmon Middle Tennessee State University Courtney Blankenship Western Illinois University Jerry Brindisi Columbia College Chicago Board Members (continued) Amy Macy Middle Tennessee State University Melissa Wald Middle Tennessee State University Kim L. Wangler Appalachian State University Executive Directors MEIEA Journal Editor Bruce Ronkin Northeastern University Communications Director Sarita Stewart Belmont University European Liaison Henric Lindström Linnaeus University School of Business and Economics Australasian Liaison Ben O’Hara Australian College of the Arts (Collarts) Immediate Past President John Simson American University Past Presidents John Simson (2015-2017) Serona Elton (2011–2015) John Kellogg (2009-–2011) Rey Sanchez (2007–2009) Rebecca Chappell (2003–2007) Tim Hays (1999–2003) Scott Fredrickson (1995–1999) David Hibbard (1993–1995) Janet Nepkie (1989–1993) Michael Fink (1988–1989) Richard Broderick (1986–1988) James A. Progris (1984–1986) David P. Leonard (1982–1984) Jay Collins (1979–1982) MEIEA Sponsors belmont.edu/cemb musicbiz.org soundexchange.com Contents 13 Parasocial Engagement for Musicians and Artists: A Systemic Review of Theoretical Foundations with Applications David Herrera Belmont University 31 A “Chance” of Success: The Influence of Subcultural Capital on the Commercial Success of Chance The Rapper Cassidy Best, Katie Braile, Emily Falvey, Samantha Ross, Julia Rotunno, and David Schreiber Belmont University 59 Practical Production Analysis: Helping Students Produce Competitive Songs Misty Jones Middle Tennessee State University 79 An Analysis of Common Songwriting and Production Practices in 2014-2015 Billboard Hot 100 Songs David T. Tough Belmont University 121 Business Sense Arrow Straight: An Examination of Brand Community and Philanthropy Bordering on Social Entrepreneurship as Primary Reasons for the Success of Vans Warped Tour Joe Bogdan Columbia College Chicago Reviews Ben O’Hara, Associate Editor 143 Larry Wacholtz. Monetizing Entertainment: An Insider’s Handbook for Careers in the Entertainment & Music Industry Robert Garfrerick University of North Alabama 146 Sarah Kate Gillespie. The Early American Daguerreotype: Cross- Currents in Art and Technology 148 JoAnne O’Connell. The Life and Songs of Stephen Foster: A Revealing Portrait of the Forgotten Man behind “Swanee River,” “Beautiful Dreamer,” and “My Old Kentucky Home” Jason Lee Guthrie University of Georgia 151 Shep Gordon. They Call Me Supermensch: A Backstage Pass To The Amazing Worlds Of Film, Food, And Rock ’N’ Roll David Philp William Paterson University 158 Mary E. Donnelly (with Moira McCormick). Boys Don’t Lie: A History of Shoes Waleed Rashidi California State University, Fullerton 161 Amber Nicole Shavers. The Little Book of Music Law Christopher M. Reali Ramapo College 12 Vol. 17, No. 1 (2017) Parasocial Engagement for Musicians and Artists: A Systemic Review of Theoretical Foundations with Applications David Herrera Belmont University https://doi.org/10.25101/17.1 Abstract This study presents a systemic review of evidence-based engagement research and develops a best practices