View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management (Al-Azhar University) Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management 2(3): 9-17, 2015 pISSN:2356-8577 eISSN: 2356-6507 Journal homepage: http://ppmj.net/ Management of Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. on Canola Crop Using Neonicotinoids Seed Treatment and Salicylic Acid M. F. Mahmoud, M. A. M. Osman* Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt Abstract Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. is one of the most important pests on canola worldwide and in Egypt. Field experiments were conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture Farm, Suez Canal University, Ismailia Governorate during 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons. The efficacy of neonicotinoids seed treatment and spraying salicylic acid (SA) alone or in combination against B. brassicae and their impact on canola yield were investigated. Results showed that canola seeds treated with Gaucho 70% WS, Cruiser70% WS and Actara 25% th WG were not effective for managing of B. brassicae in the late of growing season from 15 st week to 21 week. However, SA application showed significant difference in reduction of infestation compared to control. Data revealed that seed treatment with neonicotinoid insecticides followed by foliar application with SA was associated with enhanced resistance against B. brassicae. Moreover, results showed relatively increase in seed yield/plant (g) and yield/fed. (kg) in this treatment than neonicotinoid insecticides seed treatment alone, or SA alone and control. Key words: Canola crop, cabbage aphid, neonicotinoids seed treatment, salicylic acid. Copyright © 2015 ∗ Corresponding author: M. A. M. Osman, E-mail: [email protected] 9 Mahmoud &Osman, 2015 Introduction option for reducing aphid damage and preventing outbreaks. Neonicotinoids are predominantly used as seed dressings for Canola, Brassica napus L. is one of the a broad variety of crops such as oilseed most important oil crops (Miri, 2007) and rape, sunflower, cereals, cotton, at present, is the third largest source of sorghum, corn and potatoes. vegetable oil all over the world (Kandil Imidacloprid was the first neonicotinoid & Gad, 2012). In Egypt, canola has a seed treatment insecticide used bright future to contribute in reducing oil commercially to protect seeds and deficiency gap between production and seedlings against injury by early season consumption of edible oil; particularly it insects (El-Naggar & Zidan, 2013; Wilde could be successfully grown during et al., 2000). It is effective for controlling winter season in newly reclaimed land many insect pests such as, aphids, thrips, outside the old one of Nile valley to get jassids, mites, wireworms, and true bug around the competition with other crops when used as a seed treatment, as soil occupied the old cultivated area (Sharaan and foliar applications (El-Naggar & et al., 2002). Canola crops are most Zidan, 2013; Marghub et al, 2010; susceptible to damage by a wide range of Naveed et al., 2010; Prasana et al., insect pests from seedling establishment 2004). Thiamethoxam is a second- through to seed development. There are generation neonicotinoid. It provides several insect pests, which attack canola excellent control of a wide variety of crop in Egypt, but aphids are the most commercially important insect pests on a serious of all the insect pests attack variety of crops. After seed treatment, canola (Mahmoud & Shebl, 2014). imidacloprid and thiamethoxam show Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae is systemic and residual toxicity and known to be the most abundant and interfere with the transmission of stimuli destructive species of aphididae on or impulses in the nervous system of canola crop during the flowering and insect herbivores, and give excellent podding stage (Mahmoud & Shebl, 2014; control against a broad range of Sayed & Teilep, 2013; Aslam et al., commercially important sucking insect 2007). Current management strategies for pests (Zhang et al., 2011). Plants can insects depend largely on chemical suffer from a wide range of abiotic control. Seed treatment with systemic stresses, including drought, flooding, insecticide is an integral part of pest heat, cold, salinity, extreme light management tactics, which is intensity and mechanical damage, as well comparatively less pollutant to the as biotic stresses such as attacks by a environment, cost effective, selective and wide array of pathogens and insects reported to maintain natural equilibrium (Buchanan et al., 2000). Plants possess (Nault et al., 2004). Fast reproduction of an innate cell immunity and systemic B. brassicae represents the most serious signals emanating from infection sites threat to canola crops; effective (Chisholm et al., 2006). Host plant management requires alternative strategy resistance is one of the most promising as neonicotinoid insecticides seed methods to reduce the dependence of treatment and plant resistance as a viable pesticides. Salicylic acid (SA), a plant 10 Mahmoud &Osman, 2015 hormone plays an important role in Neonicotinoid seed treatment: Three induction of plant defense against a neonicotinoid seed treatments were variety of biotic and abiotic stresses tested: Gaucho70% WS (Imidacloprid, 5 through morphological, physiological g a.i /kg seed), Cruiser 70% WS and biochemical mechanisms. It regulates (Thiamethoxam, 3 g a.i /kg seed) and the activities of various enzymes such as, Actara 25%WG (Thiamethoxam, 3.5 g peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase a.i/kg seed). For treatment, canola seeds (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), were taken in a plastic container with phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) etc., little quantity of fine sand. Then 10 ml of which are the major components of water, few drops of gum (sticker) and induced plant defense against biotic and required quantity of neonicotinoid abiotic stresses (Hayat et al., 2010; insecticides were added and stirred Rajjou et al., 2006; Peng et al., 2004). carefully. If necessary more water was The objective of the current study is to added drop by drop and stirred well to evaluate the efficacy of the get slurry. Lid of the container was neonicotinoids seed treatment, Gaucho tightened and shaken for 30 seconds to 70% WS, Cruiser70% WS and Actara get uniform coating of the slurry on the 25% WG and the elicitor Salicylic acid seeds. The seeds were then air dried in for managing Brevicoryne brassicae L. shade overnight and sown next day on canola plants under field conditions, (Jagadish and Gowda, 1994). and their impact on canola yield. Treatments of Salicylic acid: Canola Materials and methods plots were sprayed with Salicylic acid (SA) at the rate of 250 mg-L. SA was Experimental design: The experiment dissolved in a few drops of ethanol and was conducted in Ismailia Governorate, then dispersed in water to give required during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 rate. Plants were sprayed after 30 days of seasons. Canola, cv. Serw 4 (the most sowing by one week interval for three common cultivar grown in Ismailia times using hydraulic sprayer. Control region) was sown on 20 October 2012 plots applied only with distilled water, and on 21 October 2013; the most each treatment was replicated 4 times. suitable time to become naturally infested with aphids. Plants were thinned to one Cabbage aphid count: The experiment plant per hill; 20 cm between hills to was left for natural infestation; data were insure 27.000 plants/fed. Recommended recorded at weekly interval, from first cultural and agronomic practices were occurrence of pest at the fifteenth week adopted from sowing to harvest. No of plantation till crop harvest (first week insecticide was sprayed in and around the of February to third week of March). experimental fields. The experimental Aphid counts were recorded from each area was divided into eight treatment of the 10 randomly plants on 10 cm areas including the control. Each terminal shoot length from the main stem treatment included four replicates. The in every replicate. A scoring protocol replicates were distributed in a was used to measure both the incidence randomized complete block design. of cabbage aphid in the crop (percentage 11 Mahmoud &Osman, 2015 of main stems affected) and the level of Results infestation (depth of colony in centimeters). The rating system was as There was a significant difference (P≤ follows, with scores averaged as a 0.0000) in the mean number of aphids/10 measure over the whole treatments: cm terminal length stem of plants (Jenkins et al., 2011). between treatments and control throughout the seven weeks of 0 = nil present, 1 = 1.0 cm colony, 2 = investigation in 2013 and 2014 seasons. 2.5 cm colony, 3 = 5.0 cm colony, 4 = 5.0 Data showed that control plots had – 7.5 cm colony and 5 = 10 cm colony or higher numbers of aphids than treated more. Percentage of reduction (% plots. Actara + SA had lower numbers of efficacy) was estimated according to the aphid (0.8, 1.4, 2.6, 5.8, 12.0, 25.2 and equation of Henderson and Tilton (1955). 30.4) and (0.2, 0.5, 1.5, 2.9, 8.8, 13.9 and 19.9), followed by Gaucho + SA (1.0, Yield: At harvest time, ten individual 2.5, 3.4, 8.4, 15.0, 30.2 and 38.5) and plants were chosen at random from the (0.0, 1.2, 1.5, 3.4, 9.8, 16.6 and 27.2) in middle ridge of each treatment in both both seasons during the seventh weeks of seasons and the following data were investigation, respectively (Tables 1 and recorded: seed yield/plant (g) and seed 2). Moreover, results showed that the yield/fed (kg). mean number of aphids increased in control and treatments gradually with Statistical analysis: The formula of investigation time from 15th week till 21th Henderson and Tilton (1955): week in both seasons. Finally, statistical analysis at P ≤ 0.05 level showed highly % population reduction (efficacy) = [1- significant differences between SA, (Ta/Ca × Cb/Tb] × 100.