List of Works Cited This is a simple list of the works quoted or mentioned in the foregoing text or notes. Where a work not originally written in English has been translated, the best available English edition is the one listed; otherwise, the best available edition in the original language. I Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, ed. A. Evans: La practica della merca­ tura, Cambridge, Mass., 1936. H. Yule, ed.: Cathay and the Way Thither, 3 vols., znd edn, London, 1913-16. Marco Polo, ed. A. C. Moule and Paul Pelliot: The Description of the World, 2 vols., London, 1938. Pierre d'Ailly, trans. Edwin F. Keever: Imago Mundi, Wilmington N.C., 1948. Joannes de Sacro Bosco (John of Holywood), ed. Joaquin Bensaude: "Tractado da sphera do mundo," in Regimento do astrolabio e do quadrante, Munich, 1914. (Facsimile edition of the unique Munich copy of the earliest printed navigation manual.) Claudius Ptolemaeus, ed. and trans. E. L. Stevenson: The Geography of Claudius Ptolemy, New York, 1932. Roger Bacon, ed. and trans. Robert B. Burke: Opus majus, Oxford, 1928. Ibn Battuta, ed. and trans. H. A. R. Gibb: The Travels of Ibn Battuta, vols. I and II, Cambridge, 1958-62. II Malcolm Letts, ed. and trans.: Mandeville's Travels, Texts and Transla­ tions, 2 vols., London, 1953. ]66 LIST OF WORKS CITED R. H. Major, ed.: India in the Fifteenth Century, London, I857: "The travels of Nicolo de' Conti ... as related by Poggio Bracciolini, in his work entitled Historia de varietate fortunae, Lib IV." III Gomes Eannes de Azurara, ed. Charles Raymond Beazley and Edgar Prestage. The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, 2 vols., London, I 896. G. R. Crone, ed.: The Voyages of Cadamosto, London, I937· Duarte Pacheco Pereira, ed. and trans. George H. T. Kimble: Es­ meralda de situ orbis, London, I937· IV E. G. Ravenstein, ed. and trans.: A Journal of the First Voyage of Vas co da Gama, London, I 898. Joiio de Barros, ed. Antonio Baiiio: Decadas, 4 vols., Lisbon, I945-6. Damiiio de Gois: Cr6nica do Serinissimo Senhor Rei Dom Manoel, 4 vols., Coimbra, I926. G. Ferrand: Introduction a l'astronomie nautique arabe, Paris, I928. T. A. Shumovskii, trans. M. Malkiel-Jirmounsky: Tres roteiros descon­ hecidos de Ahmad ibn-Madjid, o piloto arabe de Vas co da Gama, Lisbon, I 960. Ludovico di Varthema, trans. J. W. Jones, ed. R. C. Temple: The Itinerary of Ludovico di V arthema of Bologna from 1502 to 1508, London, I928. Duarte Barbosa, ed. and trans. Mansel Longworth Dames: The Book of Duarte Barbosa, 2 vols., London, I 9 I8-2 I. v Tome Pires, ed. and trans. Armando Cortesiio: Suma Oriental, 2 vols., London, 1944 (includes also The Book of Francisco Rodrigues). Giovanni Battista Ramusio: Delle navigationi e viaggi, 3 vols., Venice, I55o-59· D. Ferguson, ed. and trans.: "Letters from Portuguese captives in Can­ ton," The Indian Antiquary, XXXI, January 1902. C. R. Boxer: The Christian Century in Japan, 154 g-16 50, Berkeley, I95 I. LIST OF WORKS CITED VI Christopher Columbus, trans. Cecil Jane, ed. L. A. Vigneras, The Journal of Christopher Columbus, London, I96o. Martin Fernandez de Navarrete: Colecci6n de los viages y descub­ rimientos, que hicieron por mar los Espafzoles, 5 vols., Buenos Aires, I945-6. Raccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati dalla R. Commissione Colom­ biana, per il quarto centenario della scoperta delf America, I 3 vols., Rome, I 892-6. [The standard collection of Columbus material.] Pietro Martyr d'Anghiera, ed. and trans. F. A. McNutt: De orbe novo, 2 vols., New York, I9I2. G. Caraci: "Questioni e polemiche Vespucciane," Memorie Geogra- fiche, vol. II (I955) and vol. III (I956). Fracanzano de Montalboddo: Paesi novamente retrovati, Vicenza, I 507. Frederick]. Pohl: Amerigo Vespucci, Pilot Major, New York, I944· Bernal Diaz del Castillo, ed. and trans. Arthur Percival Maudslay: The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, 5 vols., New London, I 890. Hernando Cortes, ed. and trans. ]. Bayard Morris: Five Letters 151 g- 1f26, London, I928. Francisco Lopez de G6mara, ed. and trans. Lesley Byrd Simpson: Cortes, The Life of the Conqueror by His Secretary, Berkeley, I964. Clements R. Markham, ed. and trans.: Reports of the Discovery of Peru, London, I872. Miguel de Estete ( Astete), Carlos M. Larrea, ed.: "El descubrimiento y la conquista del Peru," Boletin de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Estudios Hist6ricos Americanos, vol. I ( I9I8). George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, ed. and trans.: Narratives of the Coronado expedition 1540-1542, Albuquerque, 1940. Garcilaso de la Vega, el Inca, trans. Harold V. Livermore: The Royal Commentaries of the Incas and the General History of Peru, 2 vols., Austin, 1966. Bartoleme de las Casas, ed. A. Millares Carlo, intro. L. Hanke: Historia de las Indias, Mexico, 1951. Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, trans. John Stevens: The General History of America, 6 vols., London, I725. ]68 LIST OF WORKS CITED VII Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, ed. Juan Perez de Tudela Bueso: Historia general y natural de las Indias, 5 vols., Madrid, 1959. Antonio Pigafetta, ed. and trans. James Alexander Robertson: Magel­ lan's Voyage Around the World, 3 vols., Cleveland, 1906. C. R. Boxer, ed. and trans.: South China in the Sixteenth Century, Being the Narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P., Fr. Martin de Rada O.E.S.A. ( 155o-1575), London, 1953. VIII J. A. Williamson, ed.: The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery under Henry VII, Cambridge, 1962. R. A. Skelton: Thomas E. Marston and George D. Painter: The Vin­ land Map, New Haven, 1965. D. B. Quinn: "The Argument for the English Discovery of America between 1480 and 1494,'' Geographical Journal, CCXVII (1961), 277-285. H. P. Biggar: Precursors of Jacques Cartier, Ottawa, 1911. I. N. Phelps-Stokes: The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 6 vols., New York, 1915-28, vol. II, 1922. H. P. Biggar, ed. and trans.: The Voyages of Jacques Cartier, Ottawa, 1924. Sit Humphrey Gilbert: "A Discourse of a Discovery for a New Pas­ sage to Cataia," in D. B. Quinn, ed.: The Voyages and Colonis­ ing Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 2 vols., London, 1940. Richard Hakluyt: The Principal Navigations ... of the English Nation, 12 vols., Glasgow, 1903· Richard Collinson, ed.: The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, Lon­ don, 1867. IX Strabo: The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones, Loeb Classical library, London, 1917. Martin Cortes, trans. Richard Eden: The Arte of Navigation, London, I 561. John Davis: The Seamans Secrets, London, 1955; The Worlds Hydro­ graphical Discription, London, 1595, both in A. H. Markham, ed.: fohn Davis, Voyages and Works, London, 188o. LIST OF WORKS CITED William Bourne, ed. E. G. R. Taylor: A Regiment for the Sea, Cam- bridge, I963. Eugenio de Salazar: Cartas, Madrid, I 866. H. and P. Chaunu: Seville et /'Atlantique, I I vols., Paris, I955· The Africa Pilot, Parts 1-111, London, I929-30. Suggestions for General Reading The great discoveries aroused eager public interest at the time, and books on the subject were among the "bestsellers" of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Accounts of voyages-some of which have been quoted here-descriptions of newly found territories, atlases, pamphlets, and treatises urging exploration and settlement, and general annals of discovery, appeared in great numbers. The work of interpreting this great mass of evidence is still going on, and some of the questions which it raises are still mat­ ters of acute controversy. The story, moreover, is worth retelling, and is constantly retold, for its adventurous excitement as well as for its social, economic, and scientific significance. The resulting literature is enormous, and of very uneven merit. Mention is made here of a small selection of books in English of a general character which may be found suggestive or useful for reference. A general discussion of the whole subject is J. H. Parry. The Age of Reconnaissance (London, I963). J. N. L. Baker. A History of Geographical Discovery and Exploration (London, I937) con­ tains a highly condensed narrative. Interesting and important essays on the discoveries are contained in V. T. Harlow, ed.: Voyages of the Great Pioneers (London, I929) and A. P. Newton, ed.: The Great Age of Discovery (London, I 9 p). B. Penrose: Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance (Cambridge, Mass., I 9 55) is a good narrative of voyages with an excellent survey of the literature. Donald Lach: Asia in the Making of Europe, vol. I, "The Century of Discovery," (Chicago, I965), has an excellent chapter on the spice trade. The best accounts of medieval geographical knowledge are C. R. Beazley: The Dawn of Modern Geography (3 vols., SUGGESTIONS FOR GENERAL READING 371 Oxford, 1896-1906); A. P. Newton, ed.: Travel and Travellers of the Middle Ages (London, 1930); and G. H. T. Kimble: Geog­ raphy in the Middles Ages (London, 1938). On the legacy of clas­ sical geographers, the definitive work is J. 0. Thomson: History of Ancient Geography (Cambridge, 1948). The literature on Ptol­ emy is very large, as might be expected. H. N. Stevens: Ptolemy's Geography (London, 1908) is a descriptive guide to the numer­ ous editions of this work. E. L. Stevenson, ed.: The Geography of Cl{(Udius Ptolemy (New York, 1932) is the best English translation. There is no satisfactory single account of the development of shipping in our period. Most historians of sail concentrate at­ tention on later centuries. For our purposes the best are R. C. Anderson: The Sailing Ship (London, 1926), and G. S. Laird Clowes: Sailing Ships; Their History and Development (2 parts, London, 193 1-6). There is a good chapter on shipbuilding by G.