FAMILY Sphyraenidae Rafinesque, 1815 - barracudas [=Sphyrenidia] Notes: Sphyrenidia Rafinesque, 1815:89 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) Sphyraena [as Sphyrena, name must be corrected Article 32.5.3; stem corrected to Sphyraen- by Bonaparte 1831:156 [ref. 4978], confirmed by Günther 1860:334 [ref. 1963] and by Gill 1872:12 [ref. 26254]] GENUS Sphyraena Artedi, in Rose, 1793 - barracudas [=Sphyraena Artedi [P.], in Röse, 1793:112, Acus Plumier [C.], in Lacepède, 1803:327 (footnote), Agrioposphyraena (subgenus of Sphyraena) Fowler [H. W.], 1903:749, Australuzza Whitley [G. P.], 1947:136, Callosphyraena Smith [J. L. B.], 1956:38, 42, Indosphyraena Smith [J. L. B.], 1956:38, 39, Sphyraena Klein [J. T.], 1778:464, Sphyraena Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Klein), 1792:584, Sphyraena Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:109, Sphyraenella Smith [J. L. B.], 1956:38] Notes: [ref. 3833]. Fem. Esox sphyraena Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation or subsequent monotypy. Spelled Sphyrena by Rafinesque 1810:34 and Sphaerina by Swainson 1839:175 (242) [ref. 4303]. Apparently above is oldest available name for genus; authors also date to Bloch & Schneider 1801 or Klein; Walbaum (1792) is unavailable. •Valid as Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 [some authors use Röse as author] -- (de Sylva 1975 [ref. 6302], de Sylva 1984:534 [ref. 13666], Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441], Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1194 [ref. 13677], de Sylva & Williams 1986:722 [ref. 6301], Daget 1986:35 [ref. 6203], Lin & Shao 1987 [ref. 6420], Johnson 1986:32 [ref. 5676], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:789 [ref. 21590], Gomon et al. 1994:664 [ref. 22532], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:459 [ref. 24550], Senou 2001:3686 [ref. 26303], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:803 [ref. 25968], Russell 2003:1808 [ref. 27114], Parin 2003:S25 [ref. 28536], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:132 [ref. 28229], Bray & Hoese 2006:1749 [ref. 29049] with authorship as Bloch & Schneider 1801, Béarez 2008:95 [ref. 30486], Pastore 2009:1299 [ref. 30405], Gomon 2008:774 [ref. 30616], Doiuchi 2011:99 [ref. 31623], Parin et al. 2014:507 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena Artedi, 1793. Sphyraenidae. (Acus) [ref. 4930]. Fem. Apparently not available; Plumier manuscript name mentioned in passing under Sphyraena chinensis. See remarks under Opinion 89 in Appendix B in Eschmeyer et al. 1990 [ref. 26735]. •In the synonymy of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- (Kottelat 2013:444 [ref. 32989] dated to Lacepède and a synonym of Walbum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793. Sphyraenidae. (Agrioposphyraena) [ref. 1361]. Fem. Esox barracuda Walbaum, 1792. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Misspelled Agriosphyraena by Jordan 1920:502 [ref. 4905]. •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, in Röse, 1793 [author as Klein 1778] -- (de Sylva 1975:76 [ref. 6302], Daget 1986:350 [ref. 6203]). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793, but a valid subgenus Agrioposphyraena as described -- (de Sylva 1984:534 [ref. 13666]). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- (Kottelat 2013:444 [ref. 32989] but dated to Walbaum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793. Sphyraenidae. (Australuzza) [ref. 4708]. Fem. Sphyraena novaehollandiae Günther, 1860. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Austroluzza is a misspelling. Treated as feminine, Art. 30.2.4. •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 [author as Klein 1778] -- (de Sylva 1975:76 [ref. 6302], Daget 1986:350 [ref. 6203]). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793, but a valid subgenus Australuzza -- (de Sylva 1984:534 [ref. 13666]). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- (Kottelat 2013:444 [ref. 32989] but dated to Walbaum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793. Sphyraenidae. (Callosphyraena) [ref. 4105]. Fem. Sphyraena toxeuma Fowler, 1904. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 [authorship as Klein] -- (de Sylva 1975:76 [ref. 6302], Daget 1986:350 [ref. 6203]). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793, but a valid subgenus Callosphyraena -- (de Sylva 1984:534 [ref. 13666]). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- (Kottelat 2013:444 [ref. 32989] but dated to Walbaum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793. Sphyraenidae. (Indosphyraena) [ref. 4105]. Fem. Sphyraena africana Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 [with Klein 1875 as author] -- (de Sylva 1975:76 [ref. 6302], Daget 1986:350 [ref. 6203]). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- (Kottelat 2013:444 [ref. 32989] but dated to Walbaum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793. Sphyraenidae. (Sphyraena K) [ref. 4922]. Fem. Not available, published in a work that does not conform to the principle of binominal nomenclature. Original not seen. •In the synonymy of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- •In the synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- (Kottelat 2013:444 [ref. 32989] but dated to Walbaum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793. Sphyraenidae. (Sphyraena W) [ref. 4572]. Fem. Esox sphyraena Linnaeus, 1758 Type by monoptypy. Not available, published in a part of work rejected for nomenclatural purposes in Opinion 21 (1938). Based on Klein 1749:26 [ref. 30141]. •In the synonymy of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- (Kottelat 2013:444 [ref. 32989] but dated to Walbaum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793. Sphyraenidae. (Sphyraena B) [ref. 471]. Fem. Esox sphyraena Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy. •Objective synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- (Kottelat 2013:444 [ref. 32989] but dated to Walbaum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793. Sphyraenidae. (Sphyraenella) [ref. 4105]. Fem. Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell, 1838. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 [authorship as Klein 1775] -- (de Sylva 1975:76 [ref. 6302], Daget 1986:350 [ref. 6203]). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793, but a valid subgenus Sphyraenella -- (de Sylva 1984:534 [ref. 13666]). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:132 [ref. 28229]). •Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793 -- (Kottelat 2013:444 [ref. 32989] but dated to Walbaum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena Artedi, 1793. Sphyraenidae. Species Sphyraena acutipinnis Day, 1876 - sharpfin barracuda [=Sphyraena acutipinnis Day [F.], 1876:342, Pl. 79 (fig. 1), Sphyraena japonica Cuvier [G.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829:354, Sphyraena natalensis von Bonde [C.], 1923:10, Pl. 3 (fig. 2)] Notes: [The fishes of India Part 2; ref. 1081] Sind [Sindh], Pakistan, Arabian Sea, western Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Sphyraena acutipinnis Day, 1876. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Madagascar and Réunion (Mascarenes) east to Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago, north to southern Japan. Habitat: marine. (japonica) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Japan. Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena acutipinnis Day, 1876. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine. (natalensis) [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 3 (art. 1); ref. 521] KwaZulu-Natal coast, 24°35'40"S, 31°21'17"E, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pickle station 299, depth 36 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena acutipinnis Day, 1876. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine. Species Sphyraena afra Peters, 1844 - Guinean barracuda [=Sphyraena afra Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1844:32, Sphyraena hupferi Fischer [J. G.], 1885:70, Sphyraena piscatorum Cadenat [J.], 1964:673, Figs. 1, 4, 8C, 10] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1844; ref. 13442] Congo River. Current status: Valid as Sphyraena afra Peters, 1844. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (hupferi) [Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten v. 2; ref. 18083] Cameroon. Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena afra Peters, 1844. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine. (piscatorum) [Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire (Sér A) Sciences Naturelles v. 26 (no. 2); ref. 17963] Gorée, Senegal. Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena afra Peters, 1844. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine. Species Sphyraena africana Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909 - African barracuda [=Sphyraena africana Gilchrist [J. D. F.] & Thompson [W. W.], 1909:256] Notes: [Annals of the South African Museum v. 6 (pt 3, no. 5); ref. 1650] Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Sphyraena africana Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Sphyraena arabiansis Abdussamad et al., 2015 - Arabian barracuda [=Sphyraena arabiansis Abdussamad [E. M.], Retheesh [T. B.], Thangaraja [R.], Bineesh [K. K.] & Prakashan [D.], 2015:2, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Indian Journal of Fisheries v. 62 (no. 2); ref. 33861] Lakshadweep, Island, South-eastern Arabian Sea, India. Current status: Valid as Sphyraena arabiansis Abdussamad, Retheesh, Thangaraja, Bineesh & Prakashan, 2015. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Arabian Sea. Habitat: marine. Species Sphyraena argentea Girard, 1854 - Pacific barracuda [=Sphyraena argentea Girard [C. F.], 1854:144] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 5769] San Diego, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Sphyraena argentea Girard, 1854. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, in Catesby, 1771) - great barracuda [=Esox barracuda Edwards [M.], in Catesby, 1771:1, Sphyraena