THE ROLE OF IMAGERY IN CONFLICT DYNAMICS IN KABARE TERRITORY AUGUST 29, 2019 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Prof. Jean-Marie Cikuli Cizungu for Management Systems International (MSI), A Tetra Tech Company. THE ROLE OF IMAGERY IN CONFLICT DYNAMICS IN KABARE TERRITORY IMPLEMENTED BY SOLUTIONS FOR PEACE AND RECOVERY PROJECT CONTRACT AID-OAA-I-13-00042, TASK ORDER AID-660-TO-16-00004 DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS CONTENTS II ILLUSTRATIONS III ACRONYMS IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VI INTRODUCTION 1 Research Context 1 Theory of Change 1 Research Aims 1 Methodology 2 I. OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS PROJECTS 7 Definition of key concepts 7 Review of previous activity 9 Participatory conflict analysis process overview 11 2. RESULTS OF PARTICIPATORY CONFLICT ANALYSES 12 Context Analysis 12 Types of Conflict 12 Conflict Dynamics 14 Causes, Actors and Consequences 16 Conflict Transformation Mechanisms 18 Local Capacity for Conflict Transformation 19 Gender, Other Marginalized Groups and Conflict Dynamics 20 3. CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION METHODS AND RESULTS 24 Drivers of Conflict 24 Stakeholders' Conflict-Transformation Capacities 32 Hybrid Participatory Conflict Transformation Model 34 4. PERSPECTIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 38 Perspectives 38 Potential Solutions and/or Recommendations 38 Conclusion 40 BIBLIOGRAPHY 41 ANNEX A. INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR COLLECTING ADDITIONAL DATA 42 ANNEX B. MAP OF THE KABARE CHIEFDOM 44 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Figure 1: Factors and Drivers of Conflict in Lugendo and Ishungu Groupements 31 Figure 2: Hybrid Participatory Model 36 Figure 3. Simplified Hybrid Participatory Model 37 TABLES Table 1: Demographic Data for Kabare Territory 2 Table 2: Demographic Data by Village (Lugendo and Ishungu) 3 Table 3: Types of Conflicts 13 Table 4: Causes, Actors, and Consequences of Conflict in Ishungu and Lugendo Groupements 16 Table 5: Participation by Gender and OMG in Conflict Dynamics in Ishugu 22 Table 6: Participation by Gender and OMG in Conflict Dynamics in Lugendo 22 Table 7: Conflict Drivers in the Lugendo and Ishungu Groupements 27 THE ROLE OF IMAGERY IN CONFLICT DYNAMICS IN KABARE TERRITORY | iii ACRONYMS CLDP Comité local de paix et de développement (Local Peace and Development Committee) CLOC Comité local pour l’organisation communautaire (Local Committee for Community Organization) CNDP Congrès national pour la défense du peuple (National Congress for the Defense of the People) CPJP Comité paroissial Justice et Paix (Parish Committee for Justice and Peace) CSDB Comité de santé et de développement de Birava (Birava Health and Development Committee) DGM Direction générale de migration (Department of Migration) FARDC Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) FDLR Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda) HPM Hybrid Participatory Model IFDP Innovation et formation sur le développement et la paix (Innovation and Training on Development and Peace) MSI Management Systems International NGO Nongovernmental organization OMG Other Marginalized Groups PAR Participatory Action Research SPR Solutions for Peace and Recovery SYNIGL Synergie et initiatives pour les Grands Lacs (Synergy and Initiatives for the Great Lakes) USAID United States Agency for International Development ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was a collaborative project, made possible thanks to the combined efforts of all those involved in the Solutions for Peace and Recovery project. We are grateful to the contributors, namely International Alert staff, organizations and community partners involved in the project, made possible thanks to financial support from USAID. We would also like to thank Consortium Cinamula – SYNIGL and ISDR/Bukavu for gathering the data that served as the basis for our investigation, and for their willingness to provide additional information. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the leaders of the Lugendo and Ishungu groupements, the Birava Lake police commander, the Birava head administrator, the CLDPs, the Cinamula field facilitator, the village leaders, and all the men and women affected by community conflicts for their availability and commitment to providing the information required for this investigation. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The first stage of this research, which focuses on Kabare territory in South Kivu province, concentrates on identifying and analyzing conflicts in the Lugendo and Ishungu groupements. The second stage consists of a detailed analysis of the results provided by the SPR partners—the Cinamula Consortium with SYNIGL and ISDR/Bukavu—along with additional field data from target actors in the research area. Six of the ten conflicts identified in each study area were prioritized. A PAR was also carried out in each area, focusing on the drinking water conflict between the two groupements. Natural resources, and water in particular, were found to be at the root of community conflicts for both groupements (politics and security). The lack of access to primary social services (socioeconomic), and the scarcity of natural resources (environmental), also lead to conflicts in the community. The conflict analysis process began by understanding the specific context, consequences and causes of the conflict, along with the stakeholders and how they interact. Community members also helped to identify possible solutions for each conflict, taking account of the conflicts’ causes to build effective social cohesion. Thanks to support from the SPR project, these activities were carried out within a restricted framework that included local peace and development committees (CLPDs) and local leaders, and others. Local authorities and community leaders were contacted, community researchers were trained in data collection techniques, a workshop was held to identify and prioritize conflicts, followed by data collection, data analysis and the collection of additional data. After validating the work and taking ownership of the process, community fora were organized, the peacebuilding plan was drafted and advocacy guidelines at the territory level were developed. The results of participatory conflict analyses focused on the factors and/or causes, as well as the actors and consequences of conflict dynamics in the areas concerned; on the local conflict transformation mechanisms; on the local capacity for peace as well as on contribution made by women and OMG to conflict dynamics. Following a discussion of the results, the key drivers of the different conflicts were identified along with an assessment of stakeholder capacity, and a hybrid participatory conflict transformation model was developed for the Lugendo and Ishungu groupements. To foster peacebuilding and social cohabitation in the above-mentioned groupements, this report also includes recommendations for central government, local authorities, International Alert/SPR, community leaders and civil society, public services, lake military and police services, the local population, fishermen and lake operators, as well as some opportunities that could encourage sustainable social cohesion. INTRODUCTION This introduction will focus on certain protocol aspects that, at the outset, will help to define the contextual framework, present the theory of change used to develop hypotheses, and determine the objectives and methodology of this research. RESEARCH CONTEXT The issue of conflict transformation in the provinces of North and South Kivu is a valid subject for this research, given the disturbing events that have beset the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo since the 1990s. Given how difficult it would be for this research to cover the entire scope mentioned above, a decision was taken to concentrate on Kabare territory, and particularly the Ishungu and Lugendo groupements, in keeping with the project in question. The context for this research, which draws on comprehensive scientific analysis to produce a concise piece of work, stems from an analysis of various reports on the identification, prioritization and systemic analysis of conflicts in the Ishungu and Lugendo groupements, as well as participatory action research by SPR partners. The project called for external expertise precisely because of the requirement for scientific analysis. This document ends with potential solutions and/or recommendations that could build peace and social cohesion in the two above-mentioned groupements. THEORY OF CHANGE Given the persistent instability in the DRC, as well as recurrent local conflicts, patrimonial governance and the exclusion of women and marginalized groups, communities in the eastern part of the DRC may be able to better resist organic and external conflicts if there was greater social cohesion in these communities. This prompts the following hypotheses: • If communities in eastern DRC were able to analyze conflicts, they would be able to develop impactful strategies; • If Congolese women and other marginalized groups received the knowledge and opportunities that would enable them to participate in decision-making, their participation would have a tangible impact on results and sustainable solutions; • If community decision-making were inclusive and participatory, the result would be better solutions and greater social