TRANSLATION PROCESS IN “SONET 12” BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: TRANSLATION STUDIES Mayasari Faculty of Languages and Communication, Universitas Harapan Medan, Indonesia ABSTRACT The paper revisits the concepts of translation process by Newmark (1988). Translation as a product is a written text in a target language as the end result of a translation process for a source-language text. Following the Newmark‟s (1988) theory, the writer analyzed the text around the analysis of the source text, transfer of the text into the target language and revision of the translation. Keywords: Translation Process, Newmark’s Theory, Sonet 12 INTRODUCTION language by the same message or statement in another language” Since the study discusses the Newmark emphasizes that translation translation analysis, the definition of is a process of rendering written translation should to be known. Here message, from source language to some definition of translation from target language without adding or experts. According to Newmark reducing the message. The following is (1988:7) “Translation is a craft a diagram about how to translate a text consisting in the attempt to replace a by Newmark (1988:4): written message statement in one writers, norms, culture and setting and tradition. TranslatorS should keep the originality of each Lelement from the source language. The only change on the translation processc is the form. The form of the source languageu is changed by the form of the targetl language. The form of language trefers to words, phrases, clauses,u sentences, paragraphs, etc. r Furthermore, translator should consider the In translating a text, there are appropriate form in the target language four important elements, they are such as lexicon and grammatical 193 structure. The writer concluded that The translation process is of the translation only replace the twofold: language. It means that translation The translator needs to detect does not replace the contents of the possible modifications and flaws in the source language, such as the norms, original text and understand the the culture, the setting and tradition. meaning they intend to convey. To do this, the translator often needs to be TRANSLATION AS A PROCESS familiar with the contents of the text in Translation as a product is a order to clarify the ambiguities he has written text in a target language as the come across. end result of a translation process for a source-language text. The translator will un wrap the syntactic structure of the original text The translator is mainly a and then formulate the corresponding “message conveyor.” Thus a message in the target language, thus translation may be understood as the giving the original text added value in process whereby a message which is terms of both wording and impact. expressed in a particular source language is linguistically transformed Phases of Translation: in order to be understood by readers of The First Phase: Analysis of the target language. Actually, the the source text. translator is conveying the meaning The Second Phase: Transfer of expressed by the original writer so the the text into the target end reader gets a translated text that is language. faithful to the source text in meaning. The Third Phase: Revision of translation. When dealing with a translation, one of the processes included in the Analysis of the source text: work is the analysis of the ST. This The goal of this stage is complete analysis, called TOSTA (Translation understanding of the SL text. This may Oriented Source Text Analysis), helps include a number of steps: us discover the function of the text, the 1. General Reading of the source target readers (with different levels of text. knowledge and different ages), as well 2. Underlining the difficult words. as “ST elements that need to be 3. Looking up the difficult words preserved or adapted in translation” in a dictionary. (Nord 1991: 21). 4. Close reading of the source text after understanding the difficult Sometimes the translator finds it words. necessary to reconsider the original wording for better understanding of the source text in order to render it in the target language. 194 Transfer of the text into the the level of the conceptual target language: representation). At this stage, the translator tries to 3. Cohesive level: the level where write a draft translation following you aim at making a cohesive certain steps: target text (and analyze the 1. Writing a draft translation of cohesion of the source text). the text in the target language. 4. Level of naturalness: the level 2. Paying special attention to the of constructing a natural target grammar and spelling of the text in an appropriate language. target text. 3. Including all the details The Textual Level: mentioned in the source text. At this level, you translate, or 4. Trying to make the target text transpose, the syntactic structures of as original as possible and the source text into corresponding sound natural not translated. structures in the target text. Often you will find that, for a variety of reasons, Revision of the translation: you will have to change these This stage aims at giving a correct structures into something quite and final translation as a target text. different further down the line to Revising of the translation when it is achieve target language naturalness. completed and trying to make it better by editing it: The Referential Level: 1. Make sure that all the details of As mentioned above, this is the the source text are found in the level of content, so here you operate target text. primarily with the message (or 2. Check the spelling and grammar information) or semantics of the text. of the target text. This is where you decode the meaning 3. Try to make the translated of the source text and build the version sounds natural in its conceptual representation. This is target language form. where you disambiguate polysemous 4. Read the translation after words and phrases and where you finishing the corrections without decode idioms and figurative referring to the source text to expressions. This is where you figure emphasize the naturalness of the out whether what the locution(s) and target text. illocution(s) of the source text are and what the perlocution might be. Levels of the Translation Process Once you have decoded the word In fact, Newmark asserts that the or expression in question, you encode process of translation operates in four it into an appropriate target language levels: expression. Note that there will be 1. Source text level: the source cases, like idioms and metaphors, in text itself and its immediate which you will have to use literal impression on the translator. expressions in the target language, 2. Referential level: the level of because it does not have any content of the text (technically corresponding idioms or metaphors. 195 The referential level and the makes things more complicated as textual level are, of course, closely naturalness often depends on the intertwined, as the nature and texture situation, such that something might of the source text convey the message, seem natural in one context but and, of course, you also encode the unnatural in another. Perhaps, the only message, using language, into the way, to ensure naturalness is to read target text. through your translation and spot unnaturally sounding parts and change The Cohesive Level: them into something that sounds more The cohesive level links the textual natural. This is something that most and the referential levels in that it people skip when they do translations. deals with the structure/format of the text and information as well as with Sonet 12 what Newmark (1988) calls the mood Sonnet 12 is one of 154 of the text. sonnets written by the English At the structural sublevel, you playwright and poet William investigate how various connectors, Shakespeare. It is a procreation such as conjunctions, enumerations, sonnet within the Fair Youth sequence. repetitions or reiterations, definite articles and determiners, general In the sonnet, the poet goes category labels, synonyms, through a series of images of punctuation marks, simple or complex mortality, such as a clock, a withering conjuncts, link sentences and structure flower, a barren tree and autumn, etc. the text and what Newmark (1988) Then, at the "turn" at the beginning of calls its train of thought – which is the third quatrain, the poet admits that basically its underlying information the young man to whom the poem is structure. addressed must go among the "wastes You establish its tone by finding of time" just as all of the other images so-called value-laden and value-free mentioned. The only way he can fight passages, such as subjective and against Time, Shakespeare proposes, is objective bits, euphemisms, and other by breeding and making a copy of him. framing devices, framing being the strategy of linguistically presenting The sonnet is one long sentence, something in the perspective of one's which helps to show the theme of time own values and worldview, in a way and its urgency. It also suggests that it promoting these. All of this will have is one full and rounded thought, rather to be somehow transferred into the than many different points. There are target text so you achieve maximal also many contrasts showing time's equivalence at this level. power such as the words, "lofty" and The level of naturalness: "barren" when describing the trees, This level is target text oriented alluding to time's power over all of focusing exclusively on the nature. This sonnet also shows the construction of the target text. power of time, in that it is deadly and Random, unpredictable things that just not merciful. Shakespeare shows seem unnatural in the target language time's power by using the descriptive 196 words of "white and bristly beard," across the globe for audiences of all "violet past prime," and "sable curls all ages.