Biological activities of soils under rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) and interactions with trunk phloem necrosis Anan Wongcharoen To cite this version: Anan Wongcharoen. Biological activities of soils under rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) and inter- actions with trunk phloem necrosis. Biodiversity. Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. English. NNT : 2010PA066252. tel-00815330 HAL Id: tel-00815330 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00815330 Submitted on 18 Apr 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE Spécialité DIVERSITE DU VIVANT (Ecole doctorale) Présentée par M. WONGCHAROEN Anan Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR de l’UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE Sujet de la thèse : Biological activities of soils under rubber trees ( Hevea brasiliensis ) and interactions with trunk phloem necrosis soutenue le 07/07/2010 devant le jury composé de : (préciser la qualité de chacun des membres). M. Fresneau Dominique Rapporteur M. Brauman Alain Rapporteur Mme Hanboonsong Yupa Examinateur M. Nandris Daniel Examinateur M. Dubuisson Jean-Yves Examinateur Mme Rouland-Lefevre Corinne Directeur de thèse Université Pierre & Marie Curie - Paris 6 Tél. Secrétariat : 01 42 34 68 35 Bureau d’accueil, inscription des doctorants et base de Fax : 01 42 34 68 40 données Tél. pour les étudiants de A à EL : 01 42 34 69 54 Esc G, 2 ème étage Tél. pour les étudiants de EM à MON : 01 42 34 68 41 15 rue de l’école de médecine Tél. pour les étudiants de MOO à Z : 01 42 34 68 51 75270-PARIS CEDEX 06 E-mail : [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 1 THESIS OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVE ................................................................................ 2 I - REVIEW PART .................................................................................................................. 3 I.1 Hevea brasiliensis and trunk phloem necrosis................................................................. 4 I.1.1 H. brasiliensis as economically important tree ......................................................... 4 I.1.2 Trunk phloem necrosis disease ................................................................................. 5 I.2 Soil quality ....................................................................................................................... 7 I.2.1 Soil quality components ............................................................................................ 7 I.2.2 Soil quality improvement .......................................................................................... 9 I.3 The role of soil macrofauna ........................................................................................... 11 I.4. Soil microorganisms ..................................................................................................... 13 I.4.1. Importance of soil microorganisms ........................................................................ 13 I.4.2. Analysis of soil microbial community structure .................................................... 14 I.5. Enzyme activity in soil ................................................................................................. 15 I.6 Soil ecological stress ...................................................................................................... 16 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................... 19 II.1 Experimental site description ....................................................................................... 20 II.2 Macrofauna sampling ................................................................................................... 20 II.3 Soil sampling and preparation ...................................................................................... 21 II.4 Soil analysis .................................................................................................................. 21 II.5 Soil enzyme activity ..................................................................................................... 21 II.6 Soil fungal community ................................................................................................. 23 III.6.1 Soil fungal enumeration and isolation .................................................................. 23 III.6.2 Identification of culturable fungi .......................................................................... 23 III.6.3 Genetic diversity of soil fungi .............................................................................. 24 II.7 Analysis of plant growth............................................................................................... 24 II.8 Statistical analysis......................................................................................................... 24 III - RESULTS ....................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER III.1 TPN AND SOIL ENVIRONMENT ....................................................... 27 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 28 III.1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 29 III.1.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.................................................................................... 32 III.1.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TPN ANDDIFFERENT SOIL PROPERTIES ....... 33 III.1.4 TPN AND SOIL MACOFAUNA ............................................................................ 38 III.1.4.1 Macrofauna density ........................................................................................... 38 III.1.4.2 Macrofauna diversity ......................................................................................... 40 III.1.5 TPN AND SOIL ENZYME ACTIVITY ................................................................. 47 III.1.5.1 Rainy season ...................................................................................................... 47 III.1.5.2 Dry season ......................................................................................................... 60 III.1.6 TPN AND FUNGAL COMMUNITY ..................................................................... 64 III.1.7 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................... 79 III.1.7.1 TPN and soil properties ..................................................................................... 79 III.1.7.2 Impact of trunk phloem necrosis on macrofauna community ........................... 79 III.1.7.3 Relationship between trunk phloem necrosis and soil enzyme activity ............ 80 III.1.7.4 The influence of trunk phloem necrosis on soil microbial community ............. 83 III.1.8 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 86 CHAPTER III.2 IMPACT OF SOIL ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON SOIL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................... 88 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 89 III.2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 90 III.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.................................................................................... 93 III.2.3 IMPACT OF SOIL AMENDMENTS ON PLANT GROWTH .............................. 94 III.2.4 IMPACT OF SOIL ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES ......... 95 III.2.5 IMPACT OF SOIL ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON MACROFAUNA COMMUNITY ................................................................................................................... 100 III.2.5.1 Macrofauna density ......................................................................................... 100 III.2.5.2 Macrofauna diversity ....................................................................................... 102 III.2.6 IMPACT OF SOIL ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON SOIL ENZYME ACTIVITIES ...................................................................................................................... 105 III.2.7 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 107 III.2.7.1 Soil quality and plant productivity .................................................................. 107 III.2.7.2 Impact of soil amendment on macrofauna community ................................... 109 III.2.7.3 Impact of soil organic amendment on soil enzyme activities .......................... 114 III.2.8 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 120 GENERAL