<p> Biology S2 Final Exam Study Guide</p><p>Cell Division (p. 151-162)</p><p>1. How many chromosomes total are in each human somatic (body) cell? (p. 153) </p><p>2. How many pairs of chromosomes are in each human gamete (sex) cell? (p. 153)</p><p>3. What are autosomes? How many do we have? (152)</p><p>4. What are sex chromosomes? How many do we have? (152)</p><p>5. What is a karyotype and what can we tell just by looking at one? (153)</p><p>6. Describe the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell. (153) </p><p>7. Define Binary Fission. (154) </p><p>8. In which stage of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of it’s time? (155)</p><p>9. List the five stages of the cell cycle in order from first to last. (155)</p><p>10. Describe what happens in each of the five stages of the cell cycle. (155)</p><p>11. Draw a sketch of what happens in each phase of Mitosis. (156)</p><p>12. In which phase of Mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell? (156)</p><p>13. A typical human cell contains 46 chromosomes. After mitosis and cytokinesis, what do the two daughter cells look like compared to the parent cell? (157) </p><p>14. The cell cycle has ______stages while Mitosis has ______. (156-157)</p><p>15. Explain how cytokinesis is different in plant and animal cells. (157-158)</p><p>16. Define Mitosis. (156)</p><p>17. What is crossing-over? (162) </p><p>18. Why is exchanging segments of DNA so important during crossing-over? (162) </p><p>19. How do you figure out the number of cells produced after certain number of cell divisions? Using which formula? </p><p>20. What are the final goals or outcomes of mitosis versus meiosis?</p><p>21. Why does cancer happen? </p><p>22. Sexual versus asexual reproduction? Which one increases diversity? </p><p>DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis (p. 196-239)</p><p>23. Each organism has a unique combination of characteristics encoded in molecules of…(196) Biology S2 Final Exam Study Guide</p><p>24. What is the primary function of DNA? (196)</p><p>25. Describe the structure of DNA. (196)</p><p>26. Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of …(197) </p><p>27. Draw and label the three parts of a nucleotide. (197)</p><p>28. The part of DNA for which it is named is the ______. (197)</p><p>29. 37. Name the two scientists credited with discovering the structure of DNA. (196)</p><p>30. What did Watson and Crick call the double stranded structure of DNA? (196)</p><p>31. Describe Chargaff’s rule. (198)</p><p>32. What are the base-pairing rules? (198) </p><p>33. During DNA replication, what does DNA polymerase do? (200)</p><p>34. During DNA replication, the original strand of DNA has the sequence CCTAGCT. What would the complementary strand of DNA be? (199) </p><p>35. List the three types of RNA and their functions. (205) </p><p>36. How is RNA different from DNA? (205) </p><p>37. In RNA, Adenine base-pairs with ______. (205) </p><p>38. Using the chart of codons on pg. 207, what would the sequence of amino acids be encoded by the following mRNA molecule: CUCAAGUGCUUC? (207)</p><p>39. What would the DNA strand be made from the following mRNA strand CUCAAGUGCUUC? (206) </p><p>40. What are the anticodons for the codons CUCAAGUGCUUC? (208) </p><p>41. If the DNA sequence TACACACAAACGGGG undergoes a mutation that changes the last base of G to a T, what effect would this have on the organism?</p><p>42. Why is the genetic code considered to be universal to all life on Earth? (207) </p><p>43. During translation, a ribosome binds to…(208-209) </p><p>44. In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must migrate to the…(208-209)</p><p>45. What is transcription? (206) </p><p>46. Define codon. (207) </p><p>47. What three things can an error in DNA replication cause? (202) Biology S2 Final Exam Study Guide</p><p>Genetics (p.173-180) 48. Who was the “Father of Genetics”? (173)</p><p>49. How did Mendel obtain his Parent “P” generation? (175)</p><p>50. What is the probability that a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual will exhibit (have) the dominant phenotype? Show your work in a Punnett Square. (182) 51. What are true-breeding plants? (175)</p><p>52. What did Mendel call his original pure strain of pea plants? (175) 53. The passing of traits from parent to offspring is called…(173 54. A genetic trait that appears in every generation is called…(177)</p><p>55. Mendel’s Law of ______states that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of the other. (177)</p><p>56. Mendel’s Law of ______describes how traits can disappear and reappear in a certain pattern from generation to generation. (177)</p><p>57. Mendel’s Law of ______states that alleles of a gene separate from each other during meiosis. (177)</p><p>58. Describe the difference between genotype and phenotype. (180)</p><p>59. Describe the difference between homozygous and heteroygous. (180)</p><p>60. Draw a picture of homologous chromosomes that are heterozygous for a specific trait. (162)</p><p>61. What are the different types of mutations? When is a mutation considered harmful? (202, 239, 240)</p><p>62. What do we call the exchange of segments of DNA between a set of homologous chromosomes? (162) </p><p>63. Draw a picture of homologous chromosomes that are heterozygous for a specific trait. (162)</p><p>64. What are two examples of: a) co-dominance, b) incomplete dominance, c) sex-linked traits, d) multiple alleles, and e) polygenic traits? (237, 242-244)</p><p>65. The trait for flower color is controlled by incomplete dominance. Show the cross of a red flower (RR) and a white flower (WW). List the genotype and phenotype percentages of the offspring. </p><p>66. The trait for blood type is controlled by codominance. Show the cross of a mother that is heterozygous for blood type A (AO) and a father that is heterozygous for blood type B (BO). List the genotype and phenotype percentages of the offspring. </p><p>67. The trait for cattle coat color is controlled by codominance. Show the cross of two roan (RW) cattle. List the genotype and phenotype percentages of the offspring 68. The X and Y chromosomes are called the…(236) </p><p>69. If females are XX then males are ______. (236) Biology S2 Final Exam Study Guide</p><p>70. Which type of mutation happens when a piece of DNA breaks away from its chromosome and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome? (239) </p><p>71. What is a mutation? (239) </p><p>72. Can the effects of a mutation be helpful, harmful or neutral? Explain. (202)</p><p>73. What is an X-Linked (Sex-Linked) trait? (237)</p><p>74. Who is more commonly affected by X-Linked traits, males or females? Why? (237) </p><p>75. Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome, it is said to be a ______-linked trait. (237) </p><p>76. What are the effects of chemicals and radiation on DNA? </p><p>77. Consider a cross between a homozygous white-eyed female Drosophila and a red-eyed male Drosophila. What proportion of the female offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? What proportion of the male offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? Create an X-linked Punnett Square to show your work. (237) </p><p>Evolution and Natural Selection (p. 297 – 330)</p><p>78. List a few examples of fossils. (302) 79. Darwin drew his ideas for his theory from observations of organisms on the ______islands. (297) </p><p>80. Define adaptation. (300) </p><p>81. What was the major idea that Darwin presented in his book The Origin of the Species? (299) </p><p>82. Define Natural Selection. (1100)</p><p>83. Natural Selection could NOT occur without…(300)</p><p>84. Struggle to Survive is part of Natural Selection. Describe what Struggle to Survive means. (300) </p><p>85. The similarity of homologous structures means that we share a common ______. (305)</p><p>86. Homologous structures in organisms provide evidence that…(305). Give examples.</p><p>87. What is a vestigial structure? (306) Give two examples.</p><p>88. What are analogous structures? (p. 305)</p><p>89. The beak of a bird and the beak of a giant squid evolved independently and serve the same function. Which type of structures are these? (305) </p><p>90. List the 5 types of evidence for evolution. (302 – 306) </p><p>91. Does Natural Selection act on genotypes or phenotypes? (300) </p><p>92. What is artificial selection? (p. 310) Biology S2 Final Exam Study Guide</p><p>93. What is a phylogeny tree? Explain. (p. 307)</p><p>94. Define gene flow. (321) </p><p>95. Why does speciation occur as a result of geographic isolation? (327) </p><p>96. What is genetic variation? (300) </p><p>97. What type of speciation occurs when new species arise as a result of geographic isolation? (328) </p><p>98. How is reproductive isolation different from geographic isolation? (328) </p><p>99. What is cytochrome C? (see wksht)</p><p>100. Draw a graph that depicts stabilizing selection. Explain what stabilizing selection is (325 & wksht)</p><p>101. Which variation of peppered moth was selected during the industrial revolution? Why? (see wksht.)</p><p>102. How do antibiotics develop resistance to bacteria? (see blog) </p>