Academic Inbreeding and Mobility in Higher Education Global Perspectives Edited by Maria Yudkevich Philip G. Altbach Laura E. Rumbley Academic Inbreeding and Mobility in Higher Education Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education Series Editors: Roger King, School of Management, University of Bath, UK; Jenny Lee, Centre for the Study of Higher Education, University of Arizona, USA; Simon Marginson, Institute of Education, University of London, UK; Rajani Naidoo, School of Management, University of Bath, UK This series aims to explore the globalization of higher education and the impact this has had on education systems around the world including East Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and the US. Analyzing HE systems and policy, this series will provide a comprehensive overview of how HE within different nations and/or regions is responding to the new age of universal mass higher education. Titles include: Michael Dobbins and Christoph Knill HIGHER EDUCATION GOVERNANCE AND POLICY CHANGE IN WESTERN EUROPE International Challenges to Historical Institutions Forthcoming: Christof Van Mol INTRA-EUROPEAN STUDENT MOBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION CIRCUITS Europe on the Move Lý Trân,` Simon Marginson, Hoàng Đô,˜ Quyên Đô,˜ Trúc Lê, Nhài Nguyên,˜ Thao ơư ˜ Vu,˜ Tha.ch Pha.m and H ng Nguyên HIGHER EDUCATION IN VIETNAM Flexibility, Mobility and Practicality in the Global Knowledge Economy Zinaida Fadeeva, Laima Galkute, Clemens Mader and Geoff Scott (editors) SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION Transformation of Learning and Society Maria Yudkevich, Philip G. Altbach and Laura E. Rumbley (editors) ACADEMIC INBREEDING AND MOBILITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION Global Perspectives Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–137–34814–2 Hardback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Academic Inbreeding and Mobility in Higher Education Global Perspectives Edited by Maria Yudkevich National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia Philip G. Altbach Boston College, USA Laura E. Rumbley Boston College, USA Selection and editorial matter © Maria Yudkevich, Philip G. Altbach, and Laura E. Rumbley 2015 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-46124-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-49887-1 ISBN 978-1-137-46125-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137461254 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Contents List of Tables and Figures vi Acknowledgments: The Inbreeding Project ix Notes on Contributors xi 1 Academic Inbreeding: Local Challenge, Global Problem 1 Philip G. Altbach, Maria Yudkevich, and Laura E. Rumbley 2 Academic Inbreeding: State of the Literature 17 Olga Gorelova and Maria Yudkevich 3 Academic Inbreeding in the Argentine University: A Systemic and Organizational Analysis 45 Marcelo Rabossi 4 Faculty Inbreeding in China: Status, Causes, and Results 73 Hong Shen, Zhiping Xu, and Bingbing Zhang 5 Inbreeding in Japanese Higher Education: Inching Toward Openness in a Globalized Context 99 Akiyoshi Yonezawa 6 Academic Immobility and Inbreeding in Russian Universities 130 Elizaveta Sivak and Maria Yudkevich 7 Slovenia: The Slow Decline of Academic Inbreeding 156 Manja Klemenˇciˇc and Pavel Zgaga 8 Academic Inbreeding: The South African Case 182 Saleem Badat 9 Academic Inbreeding in Spanish Universities: Perverse Effects in a Global Context 206 José-Ginés Mora 10 Academic Inbreeding in Ukraine 228 Ilona Sologoub and Tom Coupé Index 259 v Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 National higher education experts’ opinions on formal procedures versus real practices 11 3.1 Degrees held by academic staff at UBA, by percentage (2004) 60 3.2 Number and percentage of graduates by level at national and private universities in Buenos Aires city and Greater Buenos Aires (2009) 61 3.3 UBA professors according to the academic degree currently pursuing, by percentage (2004) 63 3.4 UBA professors according to where they teach, if they engage in research, and extent of external research collaboration, by percentage (2004) 65 5.1 Full-time faculty at universities in Japan (2013) 103 5.2 Percentage of faculty members who acquired their final degrees at the university where they are currently working (2012) 109 5.3 Percentage of alumni among faculty, by age and institutional type (2010) 112 5.4 Percentage of faculty who completed PhD programs, by field/discipline and institutional type (2010) 112 6.1 Faculty who have additional employment because of low salary levels (presented as a percentage of all those who have additional employment) 135 6.2 Inbred and single-university faculty, by percentage and absolute number 136 6.3 Percent of inbred faculty in different disciplines 138 6.4 Chair head and faculty opinions toward employment policy 140 6.5 Faculty pathways to employment 141 6.6 Competitiveness of faculty salaries according to university administrators 143 6.7 Importance of affiliation with academic discipline/department/ university 147 vi List of Tables and Figures vii 6.8 Faculty participation in research projects, by percentage (2010, 2012) 148 9.1 Percentage of academic staff by university answering YES to the following questions 215 10.1 Share of inbred faculty by field 250 Figures 1.1 National higher education experts’ opinions on the degree of academic immobility in their respective country 5 1.2 National higher education experts’ opinions on the level of inbreeding in the higher education system in their respective country, on average versus within the most prestigious (top-quality) universities 6 1.3 National higher education experts’ opinions on the level of inbreeding in the higher education system in their respective country, on average versus within low-quality universities 7 1.4 National higher education experts’ opinions on the reasons for academic inbreeding: uncompetitive earnings in academia 8 1.5 National higher education experts’ opinions on the reasons for academic inbreeding: importance of social ties 9 1.6 National higher education experts’ opinions on the reasons for academic inbreeding: preference is shown to inbred candidates only when they are more competent than other candidates 9 1.7 National higher education experts’ opinions on the reasons for academic inbreeding: inbred candidates are hired only if a university is forced to use this hiring policy 10 1.8 National higher education experts’ opinions on the ease of finding academic employment 12 1.9 National higher education experts’ opinions on the importance of various factors in faculty hiring decisions: professional output (such as published papers) 13 1.10 National higher education experts’ opinions on the importance of various factors in faculty hiring decisions: previous work experience in academic institutions 13 viii List of Tables and Figures 1.11 National higher education experts’ opinions on the importance of various factors in faculty hiring decisions: the job applicant is a graduate of the hiring university 14 3.1 Proportions of UBA graduates by degree type in relation to national and private universities within commuting distance from the UBA (2009), and UBA inbreeding rates (2004) 62 4.1 Inbreeding rates in research universities, 2006–2007 and 2013 80 4.2 Average numbers of publications of inbred and noninbred faculty in recent three years by academic rank 82 4.3 All numbers of published articles in SCI/SSCI and CNKI of inbred and noninbred faculty by discipline 84 4.4 Time span (in years) from receiving the highest degree to reaching rank of full professor,