<p> Review Topics for Final Exam</p><p>Living Things, Chemistry, Cells and Membranes</p><p>Know the levels of organization of living things as well as the characteristics of Living things</p><p>Basic Chemistry – structure of an atom, atomic number, atomic mass, number of electrions, ions, ionic bonding, covalent bonding, polar molecules, properties of water that make it important to living things</p><p>Organic Chemistry – the function and structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids including monomers and polymers and the reactions that build them up and break them down</p><p>Cell Structure and function of the organelles and the cell theory</p><p>Properties of the cell memberane including ways of getting things across the membrane, and what cannot cross the membrane. Principles of diffusion and osmosis, as well as the concepts of what happens to cells in Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic solutions</p><p>Nervous system Know and understand what a Neuron is and it’s anatomy Know and understand what Neuroglial tissue is Know and understand an Action Potential and how it occurs Know and understand white matter of CNS vs. Gray matter Know and understand peripheral vs. central nervous system Know and understand Saltatory vs. standard conduction Know and understand synapses and neurotransmitters Know and understand the different parts of the autonomic nervous system including Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems and Dual Innervation</p><p>Know and understand the different parts of human brain and especially the cerebrum and what the corpus callosum is</p><p>Know and understand the parts of a Reflex arc as well as the anatomy of the spinal cord and the dorsal and ventral roots as well as the dorsal root ganglion</p><p>Circulatory System - Blood, Blood Vessels and the Heart</p><p>Know and Understand how to Trace Blood through the cardiovascular system from one part to another including where it’s oxygen rich and where it’s oxygen poor and all of the vessels, valves and chambers it passes through along the way. Know and understand the anatomy of and the differences between the various types of blood vessels, as well as the special features of cardiac muscle </p><p>Know and understand the principles of blood pressure including what the different numbers represent, as well as understanding Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume and Pulse Pressure </p><p>Know an understand the special features that allow for Venous Return with such low pressure</p><p>Know and understand the principles of an EKG</p><p>Know and understand the principles of pressure related to Capillary Mechanics</p><p>Know and understand the differences between the various types of Blood Cells</p><p>Know and understand the various Blood Constituents</p><p>Know and understand the principles of Blood Typing </p><p>Know the various Heart Diseases and Vascular Diseases we discussed</p><p>Systole vs. diastole vs. pulse pressure</p><p>Digestive System</p><p>Know and understand the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system as well as it’s function, and any special circulatory portals</p><p>Be able to trace food completely through the digestive system including what’s digested where and by what enzymes, as well as the accessory glands and their functions, and the control of the system</p><p>Know and understand the Basic Concepts of Nutrition as well as the concepts of the various eating disorders</p><p>Know the various digestive system disorders discussed</p><p>Respiratory System</p><p>Know and Understand how to Trace Air through from when it enters the body until the oxygen and CO2 are exchanged including what happens to it along the way.</p><p>Know and understand the processes of inspiration and expiration as well as internal respiration and external respiration including the differences between them</p><p>Know and understand the Anatomy and physiology of the human respiratory system including special features and where the control center is located and what other controls exist</p><p>Know and understand the different respiratory volumes Know and understand the development of lung cancer including factors that help prevent it as well as factors that are associated with an increased risk of it.</p><p>Know and understand the mechanics of breathing</p><p>Know and understand the diffusion of gasses from the air to the blood and the blood to the air</p><p>Know the various Respiratory Diseases we discussed.</p><p>Reproductive System</p><p>Anatomy of male and female reproductive systems Be able to trace the production of sperm from where it is first produced to where it exits the body including any accessory glands that add secretions along the way and what special conditions may need to be present</p><p>Know the anatomy of the sperm cell and the egg Know and understand oogenesis and spermatogenesis Be able to trace the production of eggs from where they are first produced to where they exit the body including where they get fertilized if it occurs</p><p>Know the role of the various hormones in the male and female reproductive systems</p><p>Know the various methods of Birth Contral, including their risks and effectiveness</p><p>Know and understand the ovarian and uterine cycles and the roles of the various hormones</p>