Materials and Methods s9

Appendix 1 The list of plant species (total 270 species) consumed by the 14 focal birds, and the published resources consulted to create it (a total of 80 sources). The fruits consumed by the birds are indicated by an “F”. "(F)" indicates that the fruit exceeds the upper limit of available fruit size (LFS) of the bird and was thus excluded from the controlled dietary information for that bird. "[F]" indicates that we found no data regarding fruit size. Lowercase letters indicate the actual feeding behavior of a bird as reported in the literature: s, swallowing of the whole fruit; sf, feeding only on the seed; pp, pecking pulp only. Exotic or cultivated plants are marked with #. The nomenclatures of the plants follow those in The International Plant Name Index (2008) published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org [accessed 15 August 2008].The sources for the dietary information shown for the plant species represent the following numbered citations: 1, Kojima T (1929) Food habits of birds in relation to forest conservation (in Japanese). Bull Tokyo Imper Univ For 8:2394; 2, Uchida S, Kuzu S (1931) Investigation on the food habits of Oriental Green Finch (in Japanese). Ornithological and Mammalogical Report 5. Bureau of Agriculture and Commerce, Tokyo; 3, Nakamura Y (1941) Diets of wild birds (in Japanese). Yacho 8:205210; 4, Yamashina Y (1941) Investigation on food habits of Japanese birds (in Japanese). Tori 11:146; 5, Kuzu S (1942) Investigation on the food habits of Azure-winged Magpie (in Japanese). Ornithological and Mammalogical Report 10. Bureau of Agriculture and Commerce, Tokyo; 6, Abe K (1949) Migration routes of Brown-eared bulbul in Kita-Kyushu (in Japanese). Yacho 14:311; 7, Ikeda S (1952) Investigation on the relation of wild birds to industry in Japan (in Japanese with English summary). Ornithological and Mammalogical Report 13. Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo; 8, Mizobuchi H (1955) On the food habits of the Brown-eared Bulbul, Microscelis amaurotis in the island of Shikoku, Japan (in Japanese). Cyoju-shuhou 16:229240; 9, Ikeda S (1956) On the food habits of the birds in Japan (in Japanese with English summary). Ornithological and Mammalogical Report1 15. Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo 10, Editorial department of Yacho (1962) List of wild birds and their dietary fruits (in Japanese). Yacho 27: 367375; 11, Hayashi S (1962) The plants utilized by wild birds (in Japanese). Yacho 27:324366; 12, Sasagawa A (1962) Food habits of birds by field observations (in Japanese). Yacho 27(2): 77–79; 13, Fennel CM (1965) Stomach analyses of Korean birds. J Yamashina Inst Ornithol 4:172183; 14, Kiyosu Y (1966) Encyclopedia of wild birds in Japan (in Japanese). Tokyodo, Tokyo; 15, Hosono T (1967) A study of life history of Blue Magpie (4). Flock movements (in Japanese with English summary). J Yamshina Inst Ornithol 28: 177–193; 16, Kojima K, Wada T (1967) On the food habits of some birds in Kochi prefecture (in Japanese). Res Rep Kochi Univ, Nat Sci II 16: 5162; 17, Ogasawara K (1968) Winter habitats and food habits of Green and Copper Pheasants (in Japanese with English summary). J Yamashina Inst Ornithol 5:351362; 18, Hosono T (1969) A study of life history of Blue Magpie (6). Distribution and movements in Nagano area 1 (in Japanese with English summary). J Yamshina Inst Ornithol 32: 659–675 19, Chiba S, Asahi M, Matsumoto F, Nishihiro S, Asanaka K, Sakagami E (1972) Stomach analysis of Japanese Brambling, Shrike, Thrush, Swallow, Skylark, Flycather, Warbler, Wagtail, Nuthatch, Tree-creeper, and Tit (in Japanese with English summary). Sci Rep Takao Mus Nat Hist 4:4377; 20, Hosono T (1973) A study of life history of Blue Magpie (9). Roosting behavior 2 (in Japanese with English summary). J Yamshina Inst Ornithol 39: 56–72; 21, Wada T (1973) The birds of Shikoku (in Japanese). Kochi–eirinnsho, Kochi; 22, Higuchi H (1975) Comparative feeding ecology of two geographical forms of the Varied Tit, Parus varius varius in southern Izu peninsula and P. v. owstoni in Miyake I. of the Izu Is (in Japanese with English summary). Tori 24:1528; 23, Nimura K (1976) Avifauna in the Tokuyama Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (in Japanese). Rep Kyoto Univ For 11:18;2 24, Hagiwara S (1977); Rapid multiplication on Trachycarpus excelsa and T. fortunei in urban forest 1. seed dispersal and establishment (in Japanese with English summary). Misc Rep Inst Nat Stu 7:19–31 25, Karasawa K (1980) Birds and fruits (in Japanese). Shokubutu-to-Shizen 14(10): 19–24; 26, Takano S (1981) Birds of Japan in photographs (in Japanese). Tokai University Press, Tokyo; 27, Nakagoshi N (1982) Seed dispersal by birds in the Higashi-senda-cho campus of the Hiroshima University, Hiroshima (in Japanese). Seed Eco 13:1–6; 28, Yasuda K (1982) Injury of vegetables by Microscelis amaurotis (in Japanese). Shokubutsu–Boueki 36:60–63; 29, Chiba S (1984) The relationship among wild birds, natural vegetation and the men (in Japanese). Saishu-to-shiiku 46(11):471–475; 30, Moriyama H, Yamaoka K, Shigematus H, Enomoto S (1985) Creation of the green in cities 6. The minimum size and structure of urban forest islands which carry a reproductive pair of Brown-eared Bulbul, Hypsipetes amourotis amaurotis (TEMMINCK) (in Japanese). Ninngenn-to-Kankyo 11:23–30; 31, Terauchi M, Nakamura K, Matsuoka S, and Miyashita T (1985) Seasonal fluctuations in the numbers of Rufous Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis using cultivated fields, in relation to feeding conditions (in Japanese with English summary). Tori 34:7–16; 32, Kuroda N, Sugimori F, Iwamoto S (1986) General status of the Gray Starling in Japan - reports from 23 prefectures - 1. Agricultural damages (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Ap Ornithol 6:24–47; 33, Ide M, Moriyama H, Harada N, Yokohari M (1987) The seed dispersal pattern of Sophora japonica by frugivorous birds from street trees into the forest island (in Japanese with English summary). Zoen–zasshi 50:161–166; 34, Kobayashi S (1987) Investigation of food habits of birds (in Japanese). Yamaguchiken no shizen 5:4952; 35, Okamoto M, Kitajima K (1988) Growth and ripening patterns in the fruits of several indigenous bird-dispersed plants cultivated in Nagai Botanic Garden (Preliminary report). Bull Osaka Mus Nat Hist 42 1–13; 36, Narita T, Hijikata Y, Seki M (1989) Birds that used feed trees in Tama Experimental Station (in Japanese). Trans Mtg Kanto Br Jpn For Soc 41:149152; 37, Nimura K (1989) Seasonal change of the avifauna in the Ashiu Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (in Japanese). Rep Kyoto3 Univ For 19:116; 38, Sakakibara S (1989) The role of the varied tit, Parus varius T. and S., in the seed dispersal of Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata S. and Z (in Japanese with English summary). J Jpn For Sci 71:4149; 39, Hashiguchi D, Ueda K (1990) The Gray Starling Sturnus cineraceus as a fruit-eater: analysis of regurgitated seeds (in Japanese with English summary). Strix 9: 5561; 40, Editorial department of Yacho (1991) Observations on fruits of birds (in Japanese). Yacho 56: 20–21; 41, Kobayashi S, Iiyama A, Kuribayashi T (1991) Investigation of food habits of birds. part 2 (in Japanese). Yamaguchiken no shizen 6:3437; 42, Nakanishi H (1991) Annual, monthly and daily variations of avian seed dispersal in an urban area. Hikobia 11: 73–83; 43, Yugi Y (1991) The thirty-two fruits eaten by birds (in Japanese). Yacho 56:1021; 44, Nimura K (1992) Seasonal change of the avifauna in the Kamigamo Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (in Japanese). Rep Kyoto Univ For 23:19; 45, Ohno K (1992) Abundance of bird-dispersed plants and the food habits of birds in vegetations (in Japanese). Phenol Res 18:6–9 46, Okamoto M, Kitajima K (1992) Fruit presentation pattern and dispersal by birds in fleshy fruit tree species cultivated in an urban botanic garden. Bull Osaka Mus Nat Hist 46:25–44; 47, Takenaka M (1992) A flock of Rosy Finch Leucosticte arctoa feeding on Gray Starling Sturnus cineraceus feces in downtown Sapporo. Jpn J Ornithol 40:77–79; 48, Fukui A (1993) Animal-plant interactions in the dispersal of endozoochorous seeds: seed dispersal by Brown-eared Bubul (in Japanese). In: Washitani I, Ohgushi T (eds) Utilizing interaction between plant and animal, Heibonsha, Tokyo; 49, Manabe T, Yamamoto S, Chiba K (1993) Seed dispersal of evergreen small tree, Eurya japonica in a Quercus serrata secondary forest (in Japanese with English summary). J Jpn Soc Reveget Tech 18: 10–17; 50, Nimura K (1993) Avifauna in the Honbu Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (in Japanese). Rep Kyoto Univ For 25:110; 51, Masaki T, Kominami Y, Nakashizuka T (1994) Spatial and seasonal patterns of seed dissemination of Cornus controversa in a4 temperate forest. Ecology 75: 19031910; 52, Fukui A (1995) The role of the brown-eared bulbul Hypsypetes amaurotis as a seed-dispersal agent. Res Popul Ecol 37:211218.; 53, Yagihashi T (1995) Fruit set, flower and fruit abortion, and fruit removal of Prunus sargentii Rehder. Trans Mtg Hokkaido Br Jpn For Soc 43:183–185; 54, Nakamura H (1997) Ecological adaptation of the Oriental Greenfinch Carduelis sinica on the Ogasawara Islands. Jpn J Ornithol 46:95–110; 55, Noma N, Yumoto T (1997) Fruiting phenology of animal–dispersed plants in response to winter migration of frugivores in a warm temperate forest on Yakushima Island, Japan. Ecol Res 12:119129; 56, Fukui N, Ueda K (1999) Seed dispersal of Chinese tallow-tree Sapium sebiferum by birds (in Japanese with English summary). Jpn J Ornithol 47:121–124; 57, Takano S (1999) The bird forming forests – Brown-eared bulbul (in Japanese). Green Power 248:39; 58, Ueda K, Noma N (1999) Seed dispersers of “fruits of herbs” in forests (in Japanese). In: Ueda K (eds) Seed dispersal: seeds dispersed by birds. Tsukiji–shokan, Tokyo; 59, Fujita K, Shinohara Y (2001) Dispersal of introduced trees and shrubs from a garden into natural forest by birds and squirrels (in Japanese with English summary). Strix 19:103–113; 60, Hayashi F (2001) Classification of wild birds based on the food habits: as an example of utilization of Hayashi’s quantification method type 3 (in Japanese). J Jpn Wildl Res Soc 27: 53–59; 61, Sakuratani Y (2001) Food habit of wild birds in the Nara campus of Kinki University (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Fac Agr Kinki Univ 34:151164; 62, Sato S, Sakai A (2001) Eaten process of Rhus sylvestris fruits by birds (in Japanese with English summary). Ap For Sci 10:63–67; 63, Yagihashi T (2001); Effects of bird ingestion on seed germination of arboreal plants in Hokkaido, Japan (in Japanese). Res Bull Hokkaido Univ For 58:3759 64, Yoshida M, Arakida A, Arakida N (2001) Seed dispersal of mistletoe Hyphear tanakae <Hazakiyadorigi> by birds (in Japanese with5 English summary). Strix 19:115120; 65, Kominami Y (2002) Brown–eared Bulbul as seed disperser (in Japanese). Yacho 649: 12–14; 66, Wada T (2002) Foods and life of Brown-eared Bulbul in winter (in Japanese). Yacho 649:6–9; 67, Sato S, Sakai A (2003) Contribution of seed dispersal by birds on vegetation recovery after clear-cutting of a coniferous plantation (in Japanese with English summary). Ap For Sci 12:23–28; 68, Ueda K (2003) Seed dispersal: coevolution between plants and animals (in Japanese). Urban Green Tech 48: 6–9; 69, Nimura K (2004) Avifauna in the Shiranuka zone in the Hokkaido Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (in Japanese). Rep Mus Shibecha 16: 4963; 70, Sato S, Sakai A (2004) Fruit foraging process and seed dispersal of Angelica tree Aralia elata by birds (in Japanese with English summary). Ap For Sci 13:111–114; 71, Yamaguchi T (2004) Relationship between migration of Brown-eared Bulbul and crop damage (in Japanese). Nohgyo–gijyutsu 59(4):29–34; 72, Sato S, Sakai A (2005) Birds as dispersers of Mallotus japonicus in a coniferous plantation (in Japanese with English summary). Jap J Ornithol 54(1):23–28; 73, Ueda K (2005) Birds eating fruits of a pioneer tree Mallotus japonicus on Iriomote island (in Japanese with English summary). J Yamashina Inst Ornithol 36:133–135; 74, Kanouchi T (2006) Handbook of birds and fruits (in Japanese). Bunnichi–sogo–shuppan, Tokyo; 75, Kawakami K (2006) Seed dispersal of Melastoma tetramerum in Chichijima island of the Bonin islands, southern Japan (in Japanese with English summary). Strix 24:177–182; 76, Okamoto M (2006) Birds and fruits (2) (in Japanese). Planta 108:17–24; 77, Hamada T, Kon M, Noma N (2007) Fruit consumption and seed dispersal of Cornus brachypoda by birds in the eastern area of Lake Biwa, Shiga (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Kansai Org Nat Consv 29(2):111–123; 78, Ito C, Fujiwara K (2007) Habitat and ecological characteristics of the alien species Ligustrum lucidum Ait. in urban forests in Japan -6 comparison with native Ligustrum species (in Japanese with English summary). Jap J Cons Eco 12:143–150; 79, Kanagawa Branch of the Wild Bird Society of Japan (2007) The birds in Kanagawa 2001–05: the list of birds in Kanagawa prefecture 5 (in Japanese). Kanagawa Branch of the Wild Bird Society of Japan, Yokohama; 80, Tsujita K, Sakai S, Kikuzawa K (2008) Does individual variation in fruit profitability override color differences in avian choice of red or white Ilex serrata fruits? Ecol Res 23:445–4507 Gulpers Grinders Crushers PeckerFamily name Azure Brown- Nauma Pale White- Comm Copper Chinese Orient Japanese Hawfin Euras Gray- Varied ReferencesSpecies - eared nn’s thrush cheeked on pheasant bamboo al grosbeak ch ian capped tit name winge bulbul thrush starling pheasa partridg turtle bullfi greenfin d nt e dove nch ch magpi eActinidiaceaeActinidia arguta F (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) 3, 7, 10, 16, 60Miq.Actinidia F (F) 5, 60 polygama Franch. & Sav. AnacardiaceaeRhus ambigua F F F F F F 10, 13, 14, 16, 19, 37, 60Hort. ex LavalléeRhus javanica F F Fs F F F F F F F Fsf F F F 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 23, 37, 40, 43, 60, L. 61, 67, 71, 74, 79Rhus F F F F F F F F F Fsf Fsf Fsf 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 27, 34, 41, 46, 60, 68, 74, 79 succedanea L.8 Rhus sylvestris Fs Fs Fs Fs F F F F F F F 8, 10, 14, 16, 21, 39, 42, 62, 71, 79Siebold & Zucc.Rhus F F F F F F F F F 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 34, 37, 61, 67, 71, 79 trichocarpa Miq.# Rhus verniciflua F F F F F 8, 9, 10, 60, 74Stokes AquifoliaceaeIlex chinensis Fs F F 34, 40, 42, 43, 46SimsIlex crenata F F Fs Fs F F F Fs 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 29, 31, 36, 42, 48, 52, Thunb. 60, 71, 74, 79Ilex goshiensis F 21HayataIlex integra F F F F F F F (F) F 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 19, 21, 29, 35, 36, 42, 46, 48, Thunb. 52, 57, 60, 71, 79Ilex latifolia F Fs F 11, 42, 46, 52, 74Thunb.Ilex macropoda F F F 10, 14, 17, 19, 44Miq.Ilex micrococca F F 21Maxim.9 Ilex F F F F F 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 44, 46, 48, 52, 60, 61, 71, 74, 79 pedunculosa Miq.Ilex rotunda F Fs Fs F Fs F F 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 21, 27, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, Thunb. 46, 48, 52, 60, 61, 66, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79Ilex serrata F F F F F F F F F 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 36, 46, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79, 80Thunb. AraceaeAmorphophallus F 58 hirtus N. E. BrArisaema [F] 16 tosaense Makino AraliaceaeAcanthopanax F F F 26, 37, 44 sciadophylloidesFranch. & Sav.Acanthopanax F F F F F 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 19, 29, 60 spinosus Miq.Aralia cordata F F F 5, 7, 11, 79Thunb.Aralia elata F F F F F Fs F F F 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 19, 60, 61, 70, 74(Miq.) Seem.10 Dendropanax F F 21, 48, 52, 71 trifidus (Thunb.)Makino ex HaraEvodiopanax F 19 innovans NakaiFatsia japonica F F F 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 29, 34, 41, 42, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79Decne. & Planch.Hedera F F F F F 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 29, 47, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79 rhombea Siebold & Zucc.Kalopanax F F F F F F F F 26, 63, 79 pictus NakaiSchefflera F F 55 octophylla Harms BerberidaceaeBerberis F F Fs F F F F F 7, 10, 11, 16, 43, 60, 74 thunbergii DC.# Mahonia Fs F 10, 52, 79 japonica Thunb.11 Nandina F Fs F Fs F F F F 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 29, 36, 39, 41, 40, 43, 48, 52, 57, domestica 60, 71, 74, 79Thunb. BoraginaceaeEhretia F 46 ovalifolia Wight CaprifoliaceaeLonicera [F] [F] [F] [F] 10, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79 gracilipes Miq.Lonicera F F F F F 3, 7, 14, 16, 29, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79 japonica Thunb.Sambucus F F F F F F F F 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 36, 48, 52, 60, 68, 71, 74, 79 racemosa L.Viburnum F Fs F F F F F F F F F 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, 21, 29, dilatatum 36, 43, 46, 48, 52, 57, 60, 68, 71, 74, 79Thunb.Viburnum F 7 erosum Thunb.Viburnum F F F 10, 60 furcatum Blume ex Hook. f. & Thomson12 Viburnum F 6, 7 japonicum Spreng.Viburnum F F F 7, 8, 9, 29, 35, 39, 46, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79 odoratissimum Ker Gawl.Viburnum F F F F 10, 11, 14, 60, 74 opulus L.Viburnum F F F 10, 17 phlebotrichum Siebold & Zucc.Viburnum F F F F 10, 11, 14, 60 plicatum Thunb.Viburnum F 7, 48 sieboldi Miq.Viburnum F F F 10, 14, 17 wrightii Miq.CelastraceaeCelastrus F Fs F F F F F F F F F 3, 5, 8, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 29, 34, 37, 43, 48, orbiculatus 52, 60, 71, 74, 79Thunb.Euonymus F F F F F F F F F 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 29, 36, 39, 60, 74 alatus Rupr.13 Euonymus F 42 chibae MakinoEuonymus F F F F F F F F F F F F 10, 11, 14, 37, 48, 60, 79 fortunei (Turcz.)Hand.-Mazz.Euonymus F F F F F F F Fs F F 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 21, 23, 29, 34, 48, 60, 68, japonicus 74, 79Thunb.Euonymus F F F F 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 19, 60, 74 oxyphyllus Miq.Euonymus F F F F F 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 29, 60, 74, 79 sieboldianus BlumeEuonymus [F] [F] 10, 14 tricarpus Koidz.ChloranthaceaeSarcandra F F F F 48, 52, 57, 74, 79 glabra NakaiCommelinaceaePollia japonica F 14Thunb.Cornaceae14 Aucuba F Fs F F F F F F 1, 7, 9, 10, 14, 17, 25, 29, 36, 43, 48, 52, 60, 71, japonica Thunb. 74, 76, 79# Benthamidia Fs F F F F F Fsf 11, 29, 36, 39, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79 florida SpachBenthamidia (F)pp F (F)pp F 14, 74, 79 japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) Hara# Cornus F F (F) 74 officinalis Siebold & Zucc.Helwingia F 3, 7 japonica Morr. & Decne.Swida F Fs F F F F F F F F F Fsf 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 22, 36, 43, 48, 51, 52, 60, controversa 71, 74, 79(Hemsl.) S.S. YingSwida Fs Fs F F 16, 21, 46, 67, 74, 77, 79 macrophylla (Wall.) S.S. YingCucurbitaceae15 Gynostemma F 7 pentaphyllum (Thunb.) MakinoMelothria (F) F (F) (F) 3, 7, 14 japonica Maxim. ex Cogn.Trichosanthes (F) (F)pp (F) 17, 43, 48, 71, 79 cucumeroides Maxim.CupressaceaeJuniperus F F 46, 79 chinensis L.Juniperus rigida F F F 10, 14, 29, 48Siebold & Zucc.DaphniphyllaceaeDaphniphyllum Fs F F F F F 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 21, 27, 29, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79 macropodium Miq.Daphniphyllum teijsmannii F F F F 16, 21, 46, 55, 71, 79Zoll. ex Teijsm. & Binn.Ebenaceae16 Diospyros (F) F (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) 3, 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, 60 japonica L.Diospyros kaki (F)pp (F)pp (F)pp (F)pp (F)pp (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 18, 23, 26, 29, 34, 36, 37, Thunb. 39, 40, 43, 44, 59, 60, 61, 66, 71, 74, 79# Diospyros lotus (F) F (F) F 10, 14, 29, 71, 60, 79L.ElaeagnaceaeElaeagnus F 61 glabra Thunb.Elaeagnus F 8, 79 macrophylla Thunb.Elaeagnus Fs F (F) (F) F F (F) 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 29, 34, 43, 60, 71, 74 multiflora Thunb.Elaeagnus Fs F 7, 10, 14, 29, 46, 48, 52, 59, 60, 71, 79 pungens Thunb.Elaeagnus F F F F F F F F 5, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 29, 46, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74 umbellata Thunb.Elaeocarpaceae17 Elaeocarpus F 3 japonicus SieboldElaeocarpus F (F) (F) F 4, 7, 9, 16, 21, 39, 42, 76 sylvestris Poir.EricaceaeVaccinium F F F F F 6, 7, 11, 16, 60, 76 bracteatum Thunb.Vaccinium F 7 hirtum Thunb.Vaccinium F F F F 3, 7, 11, 14, 29 oldhami Miq.Vaccinium F 7 ovalifolium Sm. in ReesVaccinium F F 6, 7 smallii A. GrayVaccinium [F] [F] [F] 43 uliginosum L.EuphorbiaceaeBischofia F (F) 28, 42 javanica Blume18 Glochidion F 16 obovatum Siebold & Zucc.Mallotus F F F F F F F Fs Fs 5, 11, 16, 21, 26, 60, 79, 67, 72, 73, 74, 79 japonicus Müll. Arg.# Sapium Fs F Fs Fs F Fsf (F)pp 21, 34, 39, 41, 42, 40, 43, 46, 56, 71, 74, 76, 79 sebiferum (L.) Roxb.FlacourtiaceaeIdesia F Fs Fs F F F F F 11, 16, 21, 43, 46, 48, 52, 60, 67, 74, 79 polycarpa Maxim.GentianaceaeTripterospermu F F F 14, 16 m japonicum Maxim.Ginkgoaceae# Ginkgo biloba (F)pp (F)pp (F) 10, 14, 29, 36, 60, 79L.LardizabalaceaeAkebia quinata [F] [F] [F] [F] [F]sf 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 29, 60, 79Decne.19 Akebia trifoliata [F] [F] 7, 10, 14, 29, 60(Thunb.) Koidz.Stauntonia [F] [F] 6, 7 hexaphylla Decne.LauraceaeActinodaphne F 4, 7, 10, 14, 55 acuminata Meisn.Cinnamomum F Fs F Fs F F F F F Fsf 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, 29, 34, 35, camphora (L.) J. 36, 39, 41, 40, 43, 42, 46, 48, 52, 59, 60, 61, 66, Presl 71, 74, 79Cinnamomum F F F 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 39 japonicum Siebold ex NakaiCinnamomum F F 29, 60 sieboldii Meisn.# Laurus nobilis F 46, 48, 52L.Lindera F 42 citriodora Hemsl.20 Lindera F 16 erythrocarpa MakinoLindera glauca F F 1, 10, 16, 60BlumeLindera praecox F F 16(Siebold & Zucc.) BlumeLindera triloba F (F) 16BlumeLindera F F F F 5, 10, 14, 16, 29, 60 umbellata Thunb.Machilus F F F F Fpp 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 21, 29, 35, 55, 60, 79 thunbergii Siebold & Zucc.Neolitsea F 55 aciculata Koidz.Neolitsea F F Fs F 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 29, 52, 60, 79, 71, 74 sericea (Blume) Koidz.Leguminosae21 Euchresta F F 16 japonica Benth. ex Oliv.# Sophora F [F] 20, 33, 46, 66, 71, 79 japonica L.LiliaceaeConvallaria F 14 keiskei Miq.Liriope minor F 17MakinoLiriope F F F F 5, 6, 7, 14, 29, 58, 79 platyphylla F.T. Wang & T. TangOphiopogon F F F F F 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 48, 52, 58, 71 japonicus Ker Gawl.Ophiopogon F F 17 planiscapus NakaiPolygonatum F 14 odoratum (Mill.) Druce22 Rohdea F 79 japonica RothSmilacina F F F F 5, 14 japonica A. GraySmilax china L. F F F F F F 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 29, 48, 52, 60, 71Smilax [F] 13 nipponica Miq.Smilax riparia F 14A. DC.LoranthaceaeHyphear Fs Fs Fs 64 tanakae (Franch. & Savat.) Hosok.Scurrula F 55 yadoriki DanserViscum album L. F F F F F F 3, 7, 8, 10, 14, 43, 74, 79MagnoliaceaeMagnolia kobus F F Fsf 43, 46, 71, 74, 79DC.Magnolia F F F F F 9, 10, 29, 60, 69 obovata Thunb.23 # Magnolia F F 9, 29, 71 quinquepeta (Buc'hoz) DandyMichelia F F 39 compressa (Maxim.) Sarg.MelastomataceaeMelastoma F 75 tetramerum HayataMeliaceaeMelia F Fs/pp F F Fs F (F) Fsf F 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 21, 34, 39, 41, 42, 40, 43, azedarach L. 46, 48, 52, 60, 65, 66, 71, 74, 76, 79MenispermaceaeCocculus F F F F F F F F 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 29, 79 trilobus DC.Sinomenium F F F F 10, 13, 14 acutum (Thunb.)Rehder & E.H. WilsonMoraceae24 Broussonetia F [F] 36, 71, 79 kazinoki  B. papyrifera Broussonetia F Fs (F) 52, 74, 79 kazinoki Siebold# Ficus carica L. F [F] 60, 79Ficus erecta F F (F) (F) (F) 7, 8, 9, 10, 23, 28, 43, 79Thunb.Ficus F F 28, 74 microcarpa BlumeFicus superba F F 3(Miq.) Miq.Morus australis Fs Fs Fs F F F F F F 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 28, 30, 36, 37, 43, 48, 52, Poir. 60, 68, 71, 74, 79MyricaceaeMyrica rubra F Fs (F) (F) Fsf F 7, 10, 21, 29, 35, 40, 43, 46, 50, 52, 55, 71, 74, 79(Lour.) Siebold & ZuccMyrsinaceaeArdisia crenata Fs F Fs F F 10, 14, 16, 23, 27, 34, 41, 40, 43, 46, 48, 52, 60, Roxb. 74, 7925 Ardisia crispa F 7, 9A. DC.Ardisia japonica F F F F F F F F 6, 10, 14, 16, 43, 60BlemeArdisia sieboldii F F 55Miq.Maesa japonica F 9, 16Merr.Myrsine seguinii F F 55H. Lév.OleaceaeLigustrum F F F F F F F F F 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 29, 36, 39, 42, 43, 46, japonicum 48, 52, 60, 71, 78, 79Thunb.# Ligustrum F Fs F F F F 25, 29, 34, 39, 42, 46, 59, 66, 71, 74, 78, 79 lucidum Hort. ex K. KochLigustrum F F F F F F 3, 10, 11, 14, 16, 26, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79 obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc.Ligustrum F Fsf Fsf 10, 79, 71 ovalifolium Nakai26 Osmanthus F F F 10, 16, 29, 41, 46, 60, 79 heterophyllus (G. Don) P.S. GreenOsmanthus (F) 42 insularis KoidzumiPalmaeTrachycarpus F Fs/pp 5, 11, 24, 27, 36, 46, 60, 65 fortunei H. Wendl# Trachycarpus F 24 wagnerianus Hort. ex Becc.Phytolaccaceae# Phytolacca F F 43, 48, 52, 58, 61, 71, 79 americana L.# Phytolacca F [F] 5, 7, 9 esculenta Van HouttePiperaceaePiper kadsura F 7, 9, 79(Choisy) Ohwi27 PittosporaceaePittosporum F F F F 11, 16, 27, 29, 41, 60, 74, 79 tobira [Dryand.]PodocarpaceaePodocarpus F F 7, 10, 46, 60, 71, 79 macrophylla SweetPodocarpus F F 34, 79 nagi Pilg.RhamnaceaeBerchemia F F F F F F F 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 60 racemosa Siebold & Zucc.Rhamnella F F 5, 10, 60 franguloides Weberbauer.Rhamnus F F F 11 davurica Pall.Rhamnus F F F F F 3, 10, 11, 14, 29 japonica Maxim.# Zizyphus jujuba F 8Mill.28 RosaceaeAmelanchier F 44 asiatica Endl.# Chaenomeles (F) 14 speciosa Nakai# Crataegus (F) F (F) (F) (F) 5, 10, 29, 60 cuneata Siebold & Zucc.Duchesnea F 14 chrysantha Miq.Eriobotrya (F)pp F (F) (F) (F) (F) 7, 10, 11, 14, 26, 29, 36, 60, 79 japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.Malus baccata F F Fsf 47, 74Loisel.# Malus F F 36, 79 prunifolia Steud.Malus toringo F F F F F F F (F) 3, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 26, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74K. KochPhotinia glabra F F F F 7, 10, 29, 44, 48, 52, 71, 74, 79(Thunb.) Franch. & Sav.29 Pourthiaea F F F F F 10, 16, 48, 52, 71, 74, 79 villosa Decne.# Prunus  F F (F) F F (F) F F F 7, 10, 41, 50, 60, 71, 79 yedoensis Matsum.Prunus F 48, 52 buergeriana Miq.Prunus grayana F F Fs F F 9, 10, 14, 29, 36, 48, 52, 60, 61, 79, 71Maxim.Prunus incisa F Fsf 14, 79Thunb.Prunus F F F F F F F Fsf F F F 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 29, 35, 36, 46, 48, 52, 55, 60, 68, jamasakura 71, 79Siebold ex Koidz.# Prunus japonica F F 10Thunb.# Prunus F [F] [F] 29 lannesiana E.H. Wilson# Prunus mume F F 10, 29, 60Siebold & Zucc.30 Prunus pendula F 7Maxim.# Prunus persica (F) (F) 14, 29, 60(L.) Batsch.Prunus sargentii Fs Fs Fsf 53, 63RehderPrunus speciosa F F F F 5, 10, 22, 30, 79(Koidz.) NakaiPrunus ssiori F. F 63Schmidt# Prunus F F 30 tomentosa Thunb.# Pyracantha F F F F F F 11, 16, 34, 36 angustifolia C.K. Schneid.# Pyracantha F F F Fs 36, 42, 48, 52, 65, 74 coccinea M. Roem.# Pyracantha F [F] 79 crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem.31 Pyrus pyrifolia F (F) (F) 79NakaiRhaphiolepis F F F 6, 7, 36, 52, 66, 71, 79 indica (L.) Lindl.Rosa hirtula [F] 9NakaiRosa luciae F 79Franch. & Rochebr.Rosa multiflora F Fs F F F F F F F F F 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, 21, 29, 34, 36, Thunb. 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79Rosa onoei F 16MakinoRosa rugosa F 5, 10, 29Thunb.Rosa F F F F F F 7, 10, 14, 16, 60 wichuraiana Crép. ex Déségl.Rubus buergeri F F F F F 7, 9, 16, 79Miq.32 Rubus F F 43 hakonensis Franch. & Sav.Rubus hirsutus F 79Thunb.Rubus F 7 microphyllus L.f.Rubus palmatus F F F F (F) 7, 8, 11, 43, 74, 79Thunb.Rubus F 7, 74, 79 parvifolius L.Rubus (F) 14 phoenicolasius Maxim.Rubus sieboldii (F) 16BlumeRubus F 61 sumatranus Miq.Rubus trifidus F 30Thunb.33 Sorbus alnifolia F F F F F F 10, 60, 79(Siebold & Zucc.) K. KochSorbus F F F F F F Fsf 1, 9, 11, 14, 32, 43, 47, 48, 68, 74, 79 commixta Hedl.Sorbus japonica F 1, 10SieboldRubiaceaeDamnacanthus F 7 indicus C.F. Gaertn.Gardenia F (F) 7, 9, 12, 60 jasminoides Retz.Paederia F Fs F F F F F F F F 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 29, 34, 39, scandens (Lour.) 42, 43, 46, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79Merr.Rubia akane [F] [F] 14NakaiRutaceaeEuodia F 21 meliaefolia Benth.34 Phellodendron Fs F F F F (F) 10, 11, 74, 79 amurense Rupr.Skimmia F 10, 14 japonica Thunb.Zanthoxylum F F F F F F F F F F F F F 16, 21, 42, 61, 67, 74, 79 ailanthoides Siebold & Zucc.Zanthoxylum F F 7, 9, 10, 60 armatum DC.Zanthoxylum F F F F F F 5, 10, 11, 14, 18, 36, 60, 68, 74, 79 piperitum (L.) DC.Zanthoxylum F F F F F F F F F F 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 29, 60 schinifolium Siebold & Zucc.SabiaceaeMeliosma F F F F F F 8, 9, 10, 14, 60, 71 myriantha Siebold & Zucc.SaxifragaceaeRibes ambiguum F 3Maxim.35 Ribes F 46 fasciculatum Siebold & Zucc.SchisandraceaeKadsura F F F 6, 7, 10, 43, 74 japonica Benth.Schisandra F 3, 7 chinensis K. KochSchisandra F F 7, 19 nigra Maxim.SimaroubaceaePicrasma F F F F F 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 79 quassioides Benn.SolanaceaeLycium chinense F F F F 10, 29, 57, 60, 74, 79Mill.# Physalis F 14 alkekengi var. franchetii L.Solanum F F F 5, 16, 42, 46 lyratum Thunb.36 Solanum nigrum F 71L.# Solanum F (F) 79 pseudocapsicumL.StachyuraceaeEuscaphis F F F F 9, 10, 16, 23, 29, 60, 71 japonica (Thunb.) KanitzStachyurus Fs F (F) (F) (F) F 9, 14, 16, 79 praecox Siebold& Zucc.SymplocaceaeSymplocos F F F F 1, 10, 14, 52, 60 chinensis DruceSymplocos F 16 coreana (H. Lév.) OhwiSymplocos F 16 glauca Koidz.Symplocos F 41 lucida Siebold & Zucc.37 Symplocos F 16 myrtacea Siebold & Zucc.Symplocos F F 55 prunifolia Siebold & Zucc.TaxaceaeTaxus cuspidata F F F F F F Fsf F Fsf 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 19, 38, 43, 47, 48, 50, 60, 68, 74Siebold & Zucc.Torreya nucifera (F) Fsf 10, 14, 79Siebold & Zucc.TheaceaeCleyera F F F F F F F F F 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 29, 42, 55, 60, 79 japonica Thunb.Eurya F F F F 6, 7, 21, 34, 46, 48, 52, 71, 79 emarginata MakinoEurya japonica F F F F F F F F F F F 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 29, 36, 42, Thunb. 48, 49, 52, 55, 60, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79Ternstroemia F F F F 6, 7, 29, 35, 48, 60, 79, 71, 74, 79 gymnanthera SpragueThymelaeaceae38 Wikstroemia [F] 54 pseudoretusa Koidz.UlmaceaeAphananthe Fs Fs Fs F Fs F F F Fs/pp Fsf Fsf (F) 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 8, 21, 26, 29, 35, 39, aspera Planch. 41, 42, 40, 43, 45, 46, 48, 60, 68, 71, 74, 79Celtis jessoensis F 79KoidzumiCeltis sinensis F Fs F F F F F F Fsf Fsf Fsf 1, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 19, 21, 26, 29, 35, 39, 40, 43, Planch. 45, 46, 48, 50, 60, 71, 74, 76, 79VervenaceaeCallicarpa Fs F Fpp 36, 52, 79, 71, 74 dichotoma Raeusch.Callicarpa F F F F F F F F F F 2, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 26, 29, 43, 48, 52, 60, japonica Thunb. 79Callicarpa F 48 mollis Siebold & Zucc.Clerodendrum F F F F Fsf 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 22, 42, 60, 61, 79 trichotomum Thunb.39 Premna F 7, 8, 9 microphylla Turcz.Vitex F F F F F 7, 10, 14 rotundifolia L. f.VitaceaeAmpelopsis F Fs F F F F F F F F 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 42, 60, 71, 74, 79 brevipedunculat a (Maxim.) Trautv.Cayratia F F 14, 17 japonica GagnepainParthenocissus F F F F F 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 60, 71, 79 tricuspidata Planch.Vitis coignetiae F F F F F F F F F 7, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 43, 60, 74Pulliat et Planch.Vitis flexuosa F F F 3, 7, 17Thunb.Vitis thunbergii F F F F F 7, 10, 14, 60, 71Siebold & Zucc.40 ZingiberaceaeAlpinia japonica (F) 7, 9Miq.41

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