Materials and Methods s9

Appendix 1 The list of plant species (total 270 species) consumed by the 14 focal birds, and the published resources consulted to create it (a total of 80 sources). The fruits consumed by the birds are indicated by an “F”. "(F)" indicates that the fruit exceeds the upper limit of available fruit size (LFS) of the bird and was thus excluded from the controlled dietary information for that bird. "[F]" indicates that we found no data regarding fruit size. Lowercase letters indicate the actual feeding behavior of a bird as reported in the literature: s, swallowing of the whole fruit; sf, feeding only on the seed; pp, pecking pulp only. Exotic or cultivated plants are marked with #. The nomenclatures of the plants follow those in The International Plant Name Index (2008) published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org [accessed 15 August 2008].

The sources for the dietary information shown for the plant species represent the following numbered citations: 1, Kojima T (1929) Food habits of birds in relation to forest conservation (in Japanese). Bull Tokyo Imper Univ For 8:2394; 2, Uchida S, Kuzu S (1931) Investigation on the food habits of Oriental Green Finch (in Japanese). Ornithological and Mammalogical Report 5. Bureau of Agriculture and Commerce, Tokyo; 3, Nakamura Y (1941) Diets of wild birds (in Japanese). Yacho 8:205210; 4, Yamashina Y (1941) Investigation on food habits of Japanese birds (in Japanese). Tori 11:146; 5, Kuzu S (1942) Investigation on the food habits of Azure-winged Magpie (in Japanese). Ornithological and Mammalogical Report 10. Bureau of Agriculture and Commerce, Tokyo; 6, Abe K (1949) Migration routes of Brown-eared bulbul in Kita-Kyushu (in Japanese). Yacho 14:311; 7, Ikeda S (1952) Investigation on the relation of wild birds to industry in Japan (in Japanese with English summary). Ornithological and Mammalogical Report 13. Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo; 8, Mizobuchi H (1955) On the food habits of the Brown-eared Bulbul, Microscelis amaurotis in the island of Shikoku, Japan (in Japanese). Cyoju-shuhou 16:229240; 9, Ikeda S (1956) On the food habits of the birds in Japan (in Japanese with English summary). Ornithological and Mammalogical Report

1 15. Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo 10, Editorial department of Yacho (1962) List of wild birds and their dietary fruits (in Japanese). Yacho 27: 367375; 11, Hayashi S (1962) The plants utilized by wild birds (in Japanese). Yacho 27:324366; 12, Sasagawa A (1962) Food habits of birds by field observations (in Japanese). Yacho 27(2): 77–79; 13, Fennel CM (1965) Stomach analyses of Korean birds. J Yamashina Inst Ornithol 4:172183; 14, Kiyosu Y (1966) Encyclopedia of wild birds in Japan (in Japanese). Tokyodo, Tokyo; 15, Hosono T (1967) A study of life history of Blue Magpie (4). Flock movements (in Japanese with English summary). J Yamshina Inst Ornithol 28: 177–193; 16, Kojima K, Wada T (1967) On the food habits of some birds in Kochi prefecture (in Japanese). Res Rep Kochi Univ, Nat Sci II 16: 5162; 17, Ogasawara K (1968) Winter habitats and food habits of Green and Copper Pheasants (in Japanese with English summary). J Yamashina Inst Ornithol 5:351362; 18, Hosono T (1969) A study of life history of Blue Magpie (6). Distribution and movements in Nagano area 1 (in Japanese with English summary). J Yamshina Inst Ornithol 32: 659–675 19, Chiba S, Asahi M, Matsumoto F, Nishihiro S, Asanaka K, Sakagami E (1972) Stomach analysis of Japanese Brambling, Shrike, Thrush, Swallow, Skylark, Flycather, Warbler, Wagtail, Nuthatch, Tree-creeper, and Tit (in Japanese with English summary). Sci Rep Takao Mus Nat Hist 4:4377; 20, Hosono T (1973) A study of life history of Blue Magpie (9). Roosting behavior 2 (in Japanese with English summary). J Yamshina Inst Ornithol 39: 56–72; 21, Wada T (1973) The birds of Shikoku (in Japanese). Kochi–eirinnsho, Kochi; 22, Higuchi H (1975) Comparative feeding ecology of two geographical forms of the Varied Tit, Parus varius varius in southern Izu peninsula and P. v. owstoni in Miyake I. of the Izu Is (in Japanese with English summary). Tori 24:1528; 23, Nimura K (1976) Avifauna in the Tokuyama Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (in Japanese). Rep Kyoto Univ For 11:18;

2 24, Hagiwara S (1977); Rapid multiplication on Trachycarpus excelsa and T. fortunei in urban forest 1. seed dispersal and establishment (in Japanese with English summary). Misc Rep Inst Nat Stu 7:19–31 25, Karasawa K (1980) Birds and fruits (in Japanese). Shokubutu-to-Shizen 14(10): 19–24; 26, Takano S (1981) Birds of Japan in photographs (in Japanese). Tokai University Press, Tokyo; 27, Nakagoshi N (1982) Seed dispersal by birds in the Higashi-senda-cho campus of the Hiroshima University, Hiroshima (in Japanese). Seed Eco 13:1–6; 28, Yasuda K (1982) Injury of vegetables by Microscelis amaurotis (in Japanese). Shokubutsu–Boueki 36:60–63; 29, Chiba S (1984) The relationship among wild birds, natural vegetation and the men (in Japanese). Saishu-to-shiiku 46(11):471–475; 30, Moriyama H, Yamaoka K, Shigematus H, Enomoto S (1985) Creation of the green in cities 6. The minimum size and structure of urban forest islands which carry a reproductive pair of Brown-eared Bulbul, Hypsipetes amourotis amaurotis (TEMMINCK) (in Japanese). Ninngenn-to-Kankyo 11:23–30; 31, Terauchi M, Nakamura K, Matsuoka S, and Miyashita T (1985) Seasonal fluctuations in the numbers of Rufous Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis using cultivated fields, in relation to feeding conditions (in Japanese with English summary). Tori 34:7–16; 32, Kuroda N, Sugimori F, Iwamoto S (1986) General status of the Gray Starling in Japan - reports from 23 prefectures - 1. Agricultural damages (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Ap Ornithol 6:24–47; 33, Ide M, Moriyama H, Harada N, Yokohari M (1987) The seed dispersal pattern of Sophora japonica by frugivorous birds from street trees into the forest island (in Japanese with English summary). Zoen–zasshi 50:161–166; 34, Kobayashi S (1987) Investigation of food habits of birds (in Japanese). Yamaguchiken no shizen 5:4952; 35, Okamoto M, Kitajima K (1988) Growth and ripening patterns in the fruits of several indigenous bird-dispersed plants cultivated in Nagai Botanic Garden (Preliminary report). Bull Osaka Mus Nat Hist 42 1–13; 36, Narita T, Hijikata Y, Seki M (1989) Birds that used feed trees in Tama Experimental Station (in Japanese). Trans Mtg Kanto Br Jpn For Soc 41:149152; 37, Nimura K (1989) Seasonal change of the avifauna in the Ashiu Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (in Japanese). Rep Kyoto

3 Univ For 19:116; 38, Sakakibara S (1989) The role of the varied tit, Parus varius T. and S., in the seed dispersal of Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata S. and Z (in Japanese with English summary). J Jpn For Sci 71:4149; 39, Hashiguchi D, Ueda K (1990) The Gray Starling Sturnus cineraceus as a fruit-eater: analysis of regurgitated seeds (in Japanese with English summary). Strix 9: 5561; 40, Editorial department of Yacho (1991) Observations on fruits of birds (in Japanese). Yacho 56: 20–21; 41, Kobayashi S, Iiyama A, Kuribayashi T (1991) Investigation of food habits of birds. part 2 (in Japanese). Yamaguchiken no shizen 6:3437; 42, Nakanishi H (1991) Annual, monthly and daily variations of avian seed dispersal in an urban area. Hikobia 11: 73–83; 43, Yugi Y (1991) The thirty-two fruits eaten by birds (in Japanese). Yacho 56:1021; 44, Nimura K (1992) Seasonal change of the avifauna in the Kamigamo Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (in Japanese). Rep Kyoto Univ For 23:19; 45, Ohno K (1992) Abundance of bird-dispersed plants and the food habits of birds in vegetations (in Japanese). Phenol Res 18:6–9 46, Okamoto M, Kitajima K (1992) Fruit presentation pattern and dispersal by birds in fleshy fruit tree species cultivated in an urban botanic garden. Bull Osaka Mus Nat Hist 46:25–44; 47, Takenaka M (1992) A flock of Rosy Finch Leucosticte arctoa feeding on Gray Starling Sturnus cineraceus feces in downtown Sapporo. Jpn J Ornithol 40:77–79; 48, Fukui A (1993) Animal-plant interactions in the dispersal of endozoochorous seeds: seed dispersal by Brown-eared Bubul (in Japanese). In: Washitani I, Ohgushi T (eds) Utilizing interaction between plant and animal, Heibonsha, Tokyo; 49, Manabe T, Yamamoto S, Chiba K (1993) Seed dispersal of evergreen small tree, Eurya japonica in a Quercus serrata secondary forest (in Japanese with English summary). J Jpn Soc Reveget Tech 18: 10–17; 50, Nimura K (1993) Avifauna in the Honbu Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (in Japanese). Rep Kyoto Univ For 25:110; 51, Masaki T, Kominami Y, Nakashizuka T (1994) Spatial and seasonal patterns of seed dissemination of Cornus controversa in a

4 temperate forest. Ecology 75: 19031910; 52, Fukui A (1995) The role of the brown-eared bulbul Hypsypetes amaurotis as a seed-dispersal agent. Res Popul Ecol 37:211218.; 53, Yagihashi T (1995) Fruit set, flower and fruit abortion, and fruit removal of Prunus sargentii Rehder. Trans Mtg Hokkaido Br Jpn For Soc 43:183–185; 54, Nakamura H (1997) Ecological adaptation of the Oriental Greenfinch Carduelis sinica on the Ogasawara Islands. Jpn J Ornithol 46:95–110; 55, Noma N, Yumoto T (1997) Fruiting phenology of animal–dispersed plants in response to winter migration of frugivores in a warm temperate forest on Yakushima Island, Japan. Ecol Res 12:119129; 56, Fukui N, Ueda K (1999) Seed dispersal of Chinese tallow-tree Sapium sebiferum by birds (in Japanese with English summary). Jpn J Ornithol 47:121–124; 57, Takano S (1999) The bird forming forests – Brown-eared bulbul (in Japanese). Green Power 248:39; 58, Ueda K, Noma N (1999) Seed dispersers of “fruits of herbs” in forests (in Japanese). In: Ueda K (eds) Seed dispersal: seeds dispersed by birds. Tsukiji–shokan, Tokyo; 59, Fujita K, Shinohara Y (2001) Dispersal of introduced trees and shrubs from a garden into natural forest by birds and squirrels (in Japanese with English summary). Strix 19:103–113; 60, Hayashi F (2001) Classification of wild birds based on the food habits: as an example of utilization of Hayashi’s quantification method type 3 (in Japanese). J Jpn Wildl Res Soc 27: 53–59; 61, Sakuratani Y (2001) Food habit of wild birds in the Nara campus of Kinki University (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Fac Agr Kinki Univ 34:151164; 62, Sato S, Sakai A (2001) Eaten process of Rhus sylvestris fruits by birds (in Japanese with English summary). Ap For Sci 10:63–67; 63, Yagihashi T (2001); Effects of bird ingestion on seed germination of arboreal plants in Hokkaido, Japan (in Japanese). Res Bull Hokkaido Univ For 58:3759 64, Yoshida M, Arakida A, Arakida N (2001) Seed dispersal of mistletoe Hyphear tanakae by birds (in Japanese with

5 English summary). Strix 19:115120; 65, Kominami Y (2002) Brown–eared Bulbul as seed disperser (in Japanese). Yacho 649: 12–14; 66, Wada T (2002) Foods and life of Brown-eared Bulbul in winter (in Japanese). Yacho 649:6–9; 67, Sato S, Sakai A (2003) Contribution of seed dispersal by birds on vegetation recovery after clear-cutting of a coniferous plantation (in Japanese with English summary). Ap For Sci 12:23–28; 68, Ueda K (2003) Seed dispersal: coevolution between plants and animals (in Japanese). Urban Green Tech 48: 6–9; 69, Nimura K (2004) Avifauna in the Shiranuka zone in the Hokkaido Experimental Forest of Kyoto University (in Japanese). Rep Mus Shibecha 16: 4963; 70, Sato S, Sakai A (2004) Fruit foraging process and seed dispersal of Angelica tree Aralia elata by birds (in Japanese with English summary). Ap For Sci 13:111–114; 71, Yamaguchi T (2004) Relationship between migration of Brown-eared Bulbul and crop damage (in Japanese). Nohgyo–gijyutsu 59(4):29–34; 72, Sato S, Sakai A (2005) Birds as dispersers of Mallotus japonicus in a coniferous plantation (in Japanese with English summary). Jap J Ornithol 54(1):23–28; 73, Ueda K (2005) Birds eating fruits of a pioneer tree Mallotus japonicus on Iriomote island (in Japanese with English summary). J Yamashina Inst Ornithol 36:133–135; 74, Kanouchi T (2006) Handbook of birds and fruits (in Japanese). Bunnichi–sogo–shuppan, Tokyo; 75, Kawakami K (2006) Seed dispersal of Melastoma tetramerum in Chichijima island of the Bonin islands, southern Japan (in Japanese with English summary). Strix 24:177–182; 76, Okamoto M (2006) Birds and fruits (2) (in Japanese). Planta 108:17–24; 77, Hamada T, Kon M, Noma N (2007) Fruit consumption and seed dispersal of Cornus brachypoda by birds in the eastern area of Lake Biwa, Shiga (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Kansai Org Nat Consv 29(2):111–123; 78, Ito C, Fujiwara K (2007) Habitat and ecological characteristics of the alien species Ligustrum lucidum Ait. in urban forests in Japan -

6 comparison with native Ligustrum species (in Japanese with English summary). Jap J Cons Eco 12:143–150; 79, Kanagawa Branch of the Wild Bird Society of Japan (2007) The birds in Kanagawa 2001–05: the list of birds in Kanagawa prefecture 5 (in Japanese). Kanagawa Branch of the Wild Bird Society of Japan, Yokohama; 80, Tsujita K, Sakai S, Kikuzawa K (2008) Does individual variation in fruit profitability override color differences in avian choice of red or white Ilex serrata fruits? Ecol Res 23:445–450

7 Gulpers Grinders Crushers Pecker

Family name Azure Brown- Nauma Pale White- Comm Copper Chinese Orient Japanese Hawfin Euras Gray- Varied References

Species - eared nn’s thrush cheeked on pheasant bamboo al grosbeak ch ian capped tit

name winge bulbul thrush starling pheasa partridg turtle bullfi greenfin

d nt e dove nch ch

Actinidiaceae

Actinidia arguta F (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) 3, 7, 10, 16, 60

Actinidia F (F) 5, 60

polygama

Franch. & Sav. Anacardiaceae

Rhus ambigua F F F F F F 10, 13, 14, 16, 19, 37, 60

Hort. ex

Lavallée

Rhus javanica F F Fs F F F F F F F Fsf F F F 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 23, 37, 40, 43, 60,

L. 61, 67, 71, 74, 79

Rhus F F F F F F F F F Fsf Fsf Fsf 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 27, 34, 41, 46, 60, 68, 74, 79

succedanea L.

8 Rhus sylvestris Fs Fs Fs Fs F F F F F F F 8, 10, 14, 16, 21, 39, 42, 62, 71, 79

Siebold & Zucc.

Rhus F F F F F F F F F 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 34, 37, 61, 67, 71, 79

trichocarpa

# Rhus verniciflua F F F F F 8, 9, 10, 60, 74

Stokes Aquifoliaceae

Ilex chinensis Fs F F 34, 40, 42, 43, 46

Ilex crenata F F Fs Fs F F F Fs 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 29, 31, 36, 42, 48, 52,

Thunb. 60, 71, 74, 79

Ilex goshiensis F 21

Hayata

Ilex integra F F F F F F F (F) F 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 19, 21, 29, 35, 36, 42, 46, 48,

Thunb. 52, 57, 60, 71, 79

Ilex latifolia F Fs F 11, 42, 46, 52, 74

Thunb.

Ilex macropoda F F F 10, 14, 17, 19, 44

Ilex micrococca F F 21

Maxim.

9 Ilex F F F F F 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 44, 46, 48, 52, 60, 61, 71, 74, 79

pedunculosa

Ilex rotunda F Fs Fs F Fs F F 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 21, 27, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43,

Thunb. 46, 48, 52, 60, 61, 66, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79

Ilex serrata F F F F F F F F F 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 36, 46, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79, 80

Thunb. Araceae

Amorphophallus F 58

hirtus N. E. Br

Arisaema [F] 16

tosaense

Makino Araliaceae

Acanthopanax F F F 26, 37, 44 sciadophylloides

Franch. & Sav.

Acanthopanax F F F F F 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 19, 29, 60

spinosus Miq.

Aralia cordata F F F 5, 7, 11, 79

Thunb.

Aralia elata F F F F F Fs F F F 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 19, 60, 61, 70, 74

(Miq.) Seem.

10 Dendropanax F F 21, 48, 52, 71

trifidus (Thunb.)

Makino ex Hara

Evodiopanax F 19

innovans Nakai

Fatsia japonica F F F 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 29, 34, 41, 42, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79

Decne. &

Planch.

Hedera F F F F F 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 29, 47, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79

rhombea

Siebold & Zucc.

Kalopanax F F F F F F F F 26, 63, 79

pictus Nakai

Schefflera F F 55

octophylla

Harms Berberidaceae

Berberis F F Fs F F F F F 7, 10, 11, 16, 43, 60, 74

thunbergii DC.

# Mahonia Fs F 10, 52, 79

japonica Thunb.

11 Nandina F Fs F Fs F F F F 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 29, 36, 39, 41, 40, 43, 48, 52, 57,

domestica 60, 71, 74, 79

Thunb. Boraginaceae

Ehretia F 46 ovalifolia Wight Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera [F] [F] [F] [F] 10, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79

gracilipes Miq.

Lonicera F F F F F 3, 7, 14, 16, 29, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79 japonica Thunb.

Sambucus F F F F F F F F 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 36, 48, 52, 60, 68, 71, 74, 79

racemosa L.

Viburnum F Fs F F F F F F F F F 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, 21, 29,

dilatatum 36, 43, 46, 48, 52, 57, 60, 68, 71, 74, 79

Thunb.

Viburnum F 7

erosum Thunb.

Viburnum F F F 10, 60 furcatum Blume

ex Hook. f. &

Thomson

12 Viburnum F 6, 7 japonicum

Spreng.

Viburnum F F F 7, 8, 9, 29, 35, 39, 46, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79 odoratissimum

Ker Gawl.

Viburnum F F F F 10, 11, 14, 60, 74 opulus L.

Viburnum F F F 10, 17 phlebotrichum

Siebold & Zucc.

Viburnum F F F F 10, 11, 14, 60 plicatum Thunb.

Viburnum F 7, 48

sieboldi Miq.

Viburnum F F F 10, 14, 17

wrightii Miq.

Celastraceae

Celastrus F Fs F F F F F F F F F 3, 5, 8, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 29, 34, 37, 43, 48, orbiculatus 52, 60, 71, 74, 79

Thunb.

Euonymus F F F F F F F F F 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 29, 36, 39, 60, 74 alatus Rupr.

13 Euonymus F 42 chibae Makino

Euonymus F F F F F F F F F F F F 10, 11, 14, 37, 48, 60, 79 fortunei (Turcz.)

Hand.-Mazz.

Euonymus F F F F F F F Fs F F 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 21, 23, 29, 34, 48, 60, 68,

japonicus 74, 79

Thunb.

Euonymus F F F F 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 19, 60, 74 oxyphyllus Miq.

Euonymus F F F F F 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 29, 60, 74, 79

sieboldianus

Euonymus [F] [F] 10, 14 tricarpus Koidz.

Chloranthaceae

Sarcandra F F F F 48, 52, 57, 74, 79

glabra Nakai

Commelinaceae

Pollia japonica F 14

Thunb.

Cornaceae

14 Aucuba F Fs F F F F F F 1, 7, 9, 10, 14, 17, 25, 29, 36, 43, 48, 52, 60, 71,

japonica Thunb. 74, 76, 79

# Benthamidia Fs F F F F F Fsf 11, 29, 36, 39, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79

florida Spach

Benthamidia (F)pp F (F)pp F 14, 74, 79

japonica

(Siebold &

Zucc.) Hara

# Cornus F F (F) 74

officinalis

Siebold & Zucc.

Helwingia F 3, 7

japonica Morr.

& Decne.

Swida F Fs F F F F F F F F F Fsf 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 22, 36, 43, 48, 51, 52, 60,

controversa 71, 74, 79

(Hemsl.) S.S.

Swida Fs Fs F F 16, 21, 46, 67, 74, 77, 79

macrophylla

(Wall.) S.S.

Cucurbitaceae

15 Gynostemma F 7

pentaphyllum

(Thunb.)

Makino

Melothria (F) F (F) (F) 3, 7, 14 japonica

Maxim. ex

Trichosanthes (F) (F)pp (F) 17, 43, 48, 71, 79 cucumeroides

Maxim.

Cupressaceae

Juniperus F F 46, 79 chinensis L.

Juniperus rigida F F F 10, 14, 29, 48

Siebold & Zucc.

Daphniphyllaceae

Daphniphyllum Fs F F F F F 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 21, 27, 29, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79 macropodium

Daphniphyllum teijsmannii F F F F 16, 21, 46, 55, 71, 79

Zoll. ex Teijsm. & Binn.

Ebenaceae

16 Diospyros (F) F (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) 3, 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, 60

japonica L.

Diospyros kaki (F)pp (F)pp (F)pp (F)pp (F)pp (F) (F) (F) (F) (F) 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 18, 23, 26, 29, 34, 36, 37,

Thunb. 39, 40, 43, 44, 59, 60, 61, 66, 71, 74, 79

# Diospyros lotus (F) F (F) F 10, 14, 29, 71, 60, 79

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus F 61

glabra Thunb.

Elaeagnus F 8, 79

macrophylla

Thunb.

Elaeagnus Fs F (F) (F) F F (F) 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 29, 34, 43, 60, 71, 74

multiflora

Thunb.

Elaeagnus Fs F 7, 10, 14, 29, 46, 48, 52, 59, 60, 71, 79

pungens Thunb.

Elaeagnus F F F F F F F F 5, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 29, 46, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74

umbellata

Thunb.

Elaeocarpaceae

17 Elaeocarpus F 3

japonicus

Siebold

Elaeocarpus F (F) (F) F 4, 7, 9, 16, 21, 39, 42, 76 sylvestris Poir.

Ericaceae

Vaccinium F F F F F 6, 7, 11, 16, 60, 76 bracteatum

Thunb.

Vaccinium F 7 hirtum Thunb.

Vaccinium F F F F 3, 7, 11, 14, 29

oldhami Miq.

Vaccinium F 7 ovalifolium Sm.

in Rees

Vaccinium F F 6, 7 smallii A. Gray

Vaccinium [F] [F] [F] 43

uliginosum L.

Euphorbiaceae

Bischofia F (F) 28, 42 javanica Blume

18 Glochidion F 16

obovatum

Siebold & Zucc.

Mallotus F F F F F F F Fs Fs 5, 11, 16, 21, 26, 60, 79, 67, 72, 73, 74, 79

japonicus Müll.

# Sapium Fs F Fs Fs F Fsf (F)pp 21, 34, 39, 41, 42, 40, 43, 46, 56, 71, 74, 76, 79

sebiferum (L.)

Flacourtiaceae

Idesia F Fs Fs F F F F F 11, 16, 21, 43, 46, 48, 52, 60, 67, 74, 79

polycarpa

Maxim.

Gentianaceae

Tripterospermu F F F 14, 16

m japonicum

Maxim.

Ginkgoaceae

# Ginkgo biloba (F)pp (F)pp (F) 10, 14, 29, 36, 60, 79

Lardizabalaceae

Akebia quinata [F] [F] [F] [F] [F]sf 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 29, 60, 79

Decne.

19 Akebia trifoliata [F] [F] 7, 10, 14, 29, 60

(Thunb.) Koidz.

Stauntonia [F] [F] 6, 7

hexaphylla

Decne.

Lauraceae

Actinodaphne F 4, 7, 10, 14, 55

acuminata

Meisn.

Cinnamomum F Fs F Fs F F F F F Fsf 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, 29, 34, 35,

camphora (L.) J. 36, 39, 41, 40, 43, 42, 46, 48, 52, 59, 60, 61, 66,

Presl 71, 74, 79

Cinnamomum F F F 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 39

japonicum

Siebold ex

Cinnamomum F F 29, 60

sieboldii Meisn.

# Laurus nobilis F 46, 48, 52

Lindera F 42

citriodora

Hemsl.

20 Lindera F 16

erythrocarpa

Makino

Lindera glauca F F 1, 10, 16, 60

Lindera praecox F F 16

(Siebold &

Zucc.) Blume

Lindera triloba F (F) 16

Lindera F F F F 5, 10, 14, 16, 29, 60

umbellata

Thunb.

Machilus F F F F Fpp 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 21, 29, 35, 55, 60, 79

thunbergii

Siebold & Zucc.

Neolitsea F 55 aciculata Koidz.

Neolitsea F F Fs F 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 29, 52, 60, 79, 71, 74 sericea (Blume)

Koidz.

Leguminosae

21 Euchresta F F 16

japonica Benth.

ex Oliv.

# Sophora F [F] 20, 33, 46, 66, 71, 79

japonica L.

Liliaceae

Convallaria F 14

keiskei Miq.

Liriope minor F 17

Makino

Liriope F F F F 5, 6, 7, 14, 29, 58, 79

platyphylla F.T.

Wang & T. Tang

Ophiopogon F F F F F 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 48, 52, 58, 71

japonicus Ker

Ophiopogon F F 17

planiscapus

Polygonatum F 14

odoratum

(Mill.) Druce

22 Rohdea F 79

japonica Roth

Smilacina F F F F 5, 14 japonica A.

Smilax china L. F F F F F F 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 29, 48, 52, 60, 71

Smilax [F] 13 nipponica Miq.

Smilax riparia F 14

A. DC.

Loranthaceae

Hyphear Fs Fs Fs 64 tanakae

(Franch. &

Savat.) Hosok.

Scurrula F 55 yadoriki Danser

Viscum album L. F F F F F F 3, 7, 8, 10, 14, 43, 74, 79

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia kobus F F Fsf 43, 46, 71, 74, 79

Magnolia F F F F F 9, 10, 29, 60, 69 obovata Thunb.

23 # Magnolia F F 9, 29, 71

quinquepeta

(Buc'hoz)

Michelia F F 39

compressa

(Maxim.) Sarg.

Melastomataceae

Melastoma F 75

tetramerum

Hayata

Meliaceae

Melia F Fs/pp F F Fs F (F) Fsf F 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 21, 34, 39, 41, 42, 40, 43,

azedarach L. 46, 48, 52, 60, 65, 66, 71, 74, 76, 79

Menispermaceae

Cocculus F F F F F F F F 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 29, 79

trilobus DC.

Sinomenium F F F F 10, 13, 14

acutum (Thunb.)

Rehder & E.H.

Wilson

Moraceae

24 Broussonetia F [F] 36, 71, 79

kazinoki  B.

papyrifera

Broussonetia F Fs (F) 52, 74, 79

kazinoki Siebold

# Ficus carica L. F [F] 60, 79

Ficus erecta F F (F) (F) (F) 7, 8, 9, 10, 23, 28, 43, 79

Thunb.

Ficus F F 28, 74

microcarpa

Ficus superba F F 3

(Miq.) Miq.

Morus australis Fs Fs Fs F F F F F F 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 28, 30, 36, 37, 43, 48, 52,

Poir. 60, 68, 71, 74, 79

Myricaceae

Myrica rubra F Fs (F) (F) Fsf F 7, 10, 21, 29, 35, 40, 43, 46, 50, 52, 55, 71, 74, 79

(Lour.) Siebold

& Zucc

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia crenata Fs F Fs F F 10, 14, 16, 23, 27, 34, 41, 40, 43, 46, 48, 52, 60,

Roxb. 74, 79

25 Ardisia crispa F 7, 9

A. DC.

Ardisia japonica F F F F F F F F 6, 10, 14, 16, 43, 60

Ardisia sieboldii F F 55

Maesa japonica F 9, 16

Myrsine seguinii F F 55

H. Lév.

Oleaceae

Ligustrum F F F F F F F F F 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 29, 36, 39, 42, 43, 46,

japonicum 48, 52, 60, 71, 78, 79

Thunb.

# Ligustrum F Fs F F F F 25, 29, 34, 39, 42, 46, 59, 66, 71, 74, 78, 79

lucidum Hort.

ex K. Koch

Ligustrum F F F F F F 3, 10, 11, 14, 16, 26, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79

obtusifolium

Siebold & Zucc.

Ligustrum F Fsf Fsf 10, 79, 71

ovalifolium

26 Osmanthus F F F 10, 16, 29, 41, 46, 60, 79

heterophyllus

(G. Don) P.S.

Osmanthus (F) 42

insularis

Koidzumi

Palmae

Trachycarpus F Fs/pp 5, 11, 24, 27, 36, 46, 60, 65

fortunei H.

# Trachycarpus F 24

wagnerianus

Hort. ex Becc.

Phytolaccaceae

# Phytolacca F F 43, 48, 52, 58, 61, 71, 79

americana L.

# Phytolacca F [F] 5, 7, 9

esculenta Van

Houtte

Piperaceae

Piper kadsura F 7, 9, 79

(Choisy) Ohwi

27 Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum F F F F 11, 16, 27, 29, 41, 60, 74, 79

tobira [Dryand.]

Podocarpaceae

Podocarpus F F 7, 10, 46, 60, 71, 79

macrophylla

Podocarpus F F 34, 79

nagi Pilg.

Rhamnaceae

Berchemia F F F F F F F 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 60

racemosa

Siebold & Zucc.

Rhamnella F F 5, 10, 60

franguloides

Weberbauer.

Rhamnus F F F 11

davurica Pall.

Rhamnus F F F F F 3, 10, 11, 14, 29

japonica

Maxim.

# Zizyphus jujuba F 8

28 Rosaceae

Amelanchier F 44

asiatica Endl.

# Chaenomeles (F) 14

speciosa Nakai

# Crataegus (F) F (F) (F) (F) 5, 10, 29, 60

cuneata Siebold

& Zucc.

Duchesnea F 14

chrysantha Miq.

Eriobotrya (F)pp F (F) (F) (F) (F) 7, 10, 11, 14, 26, 29, 36, 60, 79

japonica

(Thunb.) Lindl.

Malus baccata F F Fsf 47, 74

Loisel.

# Malus F F 36, 79

prunifolia

Steud.

Malus toringo F F F F F F F (F) 3, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 26, 48, 52, 60, 71, 74

K. Koch

Photinia glabra F F F F 7, 10, 29, 44, 48, 52, 71, 74, 79

(Thunb.)

Franch. & Sav.

29 Pourthiaea F F F F F 10, 16, 48, 52, 71, 74, 79

villosa Decne.

# Prunus  F F (F) F F (F) F F F 7, 10, 41, 50, 60, 71, 79

yedoensis

Matsum.

Prunus F 48, 52

buergeriana

Prunus grayana F F Fs F F 9, 10, 14, 29, 36, 48, 52, 60, 61, 79, 71

Maxim.

Prunus incisa F Fsf 14, 79

Thunb.

Prunus F F F F F F F Fsf F F F 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 29, 35, 36, 46, 48, 52, 55, 60, 68,

jamasakura 71, 79

Siebold ex

Koidz.

# Prunus japonica F F 10

Thunb.

# Prunus F [F] [F] 29

lannesiana E.H.

Wilson

# Prunus mume F F 10, 29, 60

Siebold & Zucc.

30 Prunus pendula F 7

Maxim.

# Prunus persica (F) (F) 14, 29, 60

(L.) Batsch.

Prunus sargentii Fs Fs Fsf 53, 63

Rehder

Prunus speciosa F F F F 5, 10, 22, 30, 79

(Koidz.) Nakai

Prunus ssiori F. F 63

Schmidt

# Prunus F F 30

tomentosa

Thunb.

# Pyracantha F F F F F F 11, 16, 34, 36

angustifolia

C.K. Schneid.

# Pyracantha F F F Fs 36, 42, 48, 52, 65, 74

coccinea M.

# Pyracantha F [F] 79

crenulata (D.

Don) M. Roem.

31 Pyrus pyrifolia F (F) (F) 79

Rhaphiolepis F F F 6, 7, 36, 52, 66, 71, 79 indica (L.)

Lindl.

Rosa hirtula [F] 9

Rosa luciae F 79

Franch. &

Rochebr.

Rosa multiflora F Fs F F F F F F F F F 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, 21, 29, 34, 36,

Thunb. 48, 52, 60, 71, 74, 79

Rosa onoei F 16

Makino

Rosa rugosa F 5, 10, 29

Thunb.

Rosa F F F F F F 7, 10, 14, 16, 60

wichuraiana

Crép. ex Déségl.

Rubus buergeri F F F F F 7, 9, 16, 79

32 Rubus F F 43 hakonensis

Franch. & Sav.

Rubus hirsutus F 79

Thunb.

Rubus F 7

microphyllus

Rubus palmatus F F F F (F) 7, 8, 11, 43, 74, 79

Thunb.

Rubus F 7, 74, 79

parvifolius L.

Rubus (F) 14 phoenicolasius

Maxim.

Rubus sieboldii (F) 16

Rubus F 61 sumatranus

Rubus trifidus F 30

Thunb.

33 Sorbus alnifolia F F F F F F 10, 60, 79

(Siebold &

Zucc.) K. Koch

Sorbus F F F F F F Fsf 1, 9, 11, 14, 32, 43, 47, 48, 68, 74, 79 commixta Hedl.

Sorbus japonica F 1, 10

Siebold

Rubiaceae

Damnacanthus F 7 indicus C.F.

Gaertn.

Gardenia F (F) 7, 9, 12, 60 jasminoides

Paederia F Fs F F F F F F F F 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 29, 34, 39, scandens (Lour.) 42, 43, 46, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79

Rubia akane [F] [F] 14

Rutaceae

Euodia F 21 meliaefolia

Benth.

34 Phellodendron Fs F F F F (F) 10, 11, 74, 79 amurense Rupr.

Skimmia F 10, 14 japonica Thunb.

Zanthoxylum F F F F F F F F F F F F F 16, 21, 42, 61, 67, 74, 79 ailanthoides

Siebold & Zucc.

Zanthoxylum F F 7, 9, 10, 60

armatum DC.

Zanthoxylum F F F F F F 5, 10, 11, 14, 18, 36, 60, 68, 74, 79 piperitum (L.)

Zanthoxylum F F F F F F F F F F 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 29, 60 schinifolium

Siebold & Zucc.

Sabiaceae

Meliosma F F F F F F 8, 9, 10, 14, 60, 71

myriantha

Siebold & Zucc.

Saxifragaceae

Ribes ambiguum F 3

Maxim.

35 Ribes F 46

fasciculatum

Siebold & Zucc.

Schisandraceae

Kadsura F F F 6, 7, 10, 43, 74

japonica Benth.

Schisandra F 3, 7

chinensis K.

Schisandra F F 7, 19

nigra Maxim.

Simaroubaceae

Picrasma F F F F F 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 79

quassioides

Solanaceae

Lycium chinense F F F F 10, 29, 57, 60, 74, 79

# Physalis F 14

alkekengi var.

franchetii L.

Solanum F F F 5, 16, 42, 46

lyratum Thunb.

36 Solanum nigrum F 71

# Solanum F (F) 79

pseudocapsicum

Stachyuraceae

Euscaphis F F F F 9, 10, 16, 23, 29, 60, 71

japonica

(Thunb.) Kanitz

Stachyurus Fs F (F) (F) (F) F 9, 14, 16, 79

praecox Siebold

& Zucc.

Symplocaceae

Symplocos F F F F 1, 10, 14, 52, 60

chinensis Druce

Symplocos F 16

coreana (H.

Lév.) Ohwi

Symplocos F 16

glauca Koidz.

Symplocos F 41

lucida Siebold

& Zucc.

37 Symplocos F 16

myrtacea

Siebold & Zucc.

Symplocos F F 55

prunifolia

Siebold & Zucc.

Taxaceae

Taxus cuspidata F F F F F F Fsf F Fsf 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 19, 38, 43, 47, 48, 50, 60, 68, 74

Siebold & Zucc.

Torreya nucifera (F) Fsf 10, 14, 79

Siebold & Zucc.

Theaceae

Cleyera F F F F F F F F F 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 29, 42, 55, 60, 79 japonica Thunb.

Eurya F F F F 6, 7, 21, 34, 46, 48, 52, 71, 79

emarginata

Makino

Eurya japonica F F F F F F F F F F F 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 29, 36, 42,

Thunb. 48, 49, 52, 55, 60, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79

Ternstroemia F F F F 6, 7, 29, 35, 48, 60, 79, 71, 74, 79

gymnanthera

Sprague

Thymelaeaceae

38 Wikstroemia [F] 54

pseudoretusa

Koidz.

Ulmaceae

Aphananthe Fs Fs Fs F Fs F F F Fs/pp Fsf Fsf (F) 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 8, 21, 26, 29, 35, 39,

aspera Planch. 41, 42, 40, 43, 45, 46, 48, 60, 68, 71, 74, 79

Celtis jessoensis F 79

Koidzumi

Celtis sinensis F Fs F F F F F F Fsf Fsf Fsf 1, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 19, 21, 26, 29, 35, 39, 40, 43,

Planch. 45, 46, 48, 50, 60, 71, 74, 76, 79

Vervenaceae

Callicarpa Fs F Fpp 36, 52, 79, 71, 74

dichotoma

Raeusch.

Callicarpa F F F F F F F F F F 2, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 26, 29, 43, 48, 52, 60, japonica Thunb. 79

Callicarpa F 48

mollis Siebold

& Zucc.

Clerodendrum F F F F Fsf 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 22, 42, 60, 61, 79

trichotomum

Thunb.

39 Premna F 7, 8, 9 microphylla

Turcz.

Vitex F F F F F 7, 10, 14 rotundifolia L. f.

Vitaceae

Ampelopsis F Fs F F F F F F F F 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 42, 60, 71, 74, 79 brevipedunculat a (Maxim.)

Trautv.

Cayratia F F 14, 17 japonica

Gagnepain

Parthenocissus F F F F F 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 60, 71, 79 tricuspidata

Planch.

Vitis coignetiae F F F F F F F F F 7, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 43, 60, 74

Pulliat et

Planch.

Vitis flexuosa F F F 3, 7, 17

Thunb.

Vitis thunbergii F F F F F 7, 10, 14, 60, 71

Siebold & Zucc.

40 Zingiberaceae

Alpinia japonica (F) 7, 9