<p> RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND CLAUSES</p><p>DEFINING NON-DEFINING PEOPLE THINGS PEOPLE THINGS SUBJECT WHO / THAT WHICH / THAT WHO WHICH OBJECT WHO / THAT WHICH / THAT WHO WHICH PLACE WHERE WHERE TIME WHEN WHEN POSSESSION WHOSE WHOSE</p><p>RELATIVE PRONOUNS:</p><p>Relative pronouns link one or several words mentioned previously in the clause before the relative pronoun.</p><p>We call clauses to the different parts in complex sentences and they…</p><p> a) have, at least, one verb and</p><p> b) have complete meaning.</p><p>Ex. The pub was very modern. The pub / It didn’t have tables (2 clauses)</p><p>To link both clauses in an only sentence we have to:</p><p> a) find the elements that are repeated in both clauses or making a reference to those elements;</p><p>Ex. The pub - it</p><p> b) substitute that element by its corresponding relative pronoun; and</p><p>Ex. The pub – (it) = that / which</p><p> c) write the element for the first time; then, the second clause completely and finally the rest of the first clause.</p><p>Ex. The pub THAT / WHICH didn’t have tables was very modern </p><p>Ex. The pub “The Bell”, WHICH didn’t have tables, was very modern </p><p>OTHER EXAMPLES:</p><p>1. John is a very nice doctor. He works in a public hospital.</p><p>John, who works in a public hospital, is a very nice doctor.</p><p>2. My parents hate red meat. They are vegetarian.</p><p>3. Leganés is not far from Madrid. We study there.</p><p>4. They live in London. I spent some summers there.</p><p>5. This tree is very rare. Its leaves are red. 6. The car doesn’t work properly. It is Czech.</p><p>7. The lady is an actress. She is not very old.</p><p>8. The students always want to work. They are quite clever.</p><p>9. Michael Jackson is having problems in USA. He is very rich.</p><p>10. His father likes gardening. He is a lawyer.</p><p>THE USE OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS</p><p>1. DIFFERENT USES:</p><p>A B</p><p>Peter: Rod Hudson has died. ROD HUDSON DIES Jane: Who? The actor Rod Hudson, who starred in films such as “Giant” and P.: You know. The film star who played the tough husband in “Written on the Wind”, has died after a long illness. Rod “Giant”. Hudson’s most famous role was as a tough husband in the film J.: I don’t think I’ve seen that. “Giant”, which broke all box-office records. P.: Yes, you have. It’s the film (which/that) we saw on TV last night. J: Oh, I remember.</p><p>A: These clauses identify which film star and which film the speaker means. They are called: DEFINING / IDENTIFYING.</p><p>B: These clauses add extra information about Rod Hudson and “Giant”. They are called NON-DEFINING / ADDING</p><p>2. SOME EXAMPLES:</p><p>The woman who always wears a yellow dress is my sister. María, who always wears a yellow dress, is my sister. The river which flows through Madrid is the Manzanares. The Manzanares, which flows through Madrid, is a beautiful The place where we usually go is not far from here. river. Madrid, where we usually go, is not far from here.</p><p>A: These clauses identify which one we mean. For example, the clause “who always wears a yellow dress tells us which woman”- Without the relative clause the sentence would be incomplete.</p><p> The defining clause does not have commas.</p><p> Most relative clauses are defining. </p><p> They are common in speech and writing.</p><p>B: These clauses add extra information to something already identified. For example, the clause “who always wears a yellow dress” adds information about María. – The sentence is complete and the relative clause only adds extra information.  The non-defining clause has commas round it.</p><p> They can be rather formal.</p><p> They are common in news reports.</p><p>3. RELATIVE PRONOUNS:</p><p>In defining clauses we can use: In non-defining clauses we can use: Who – whom – which – whose – where – when – Who – whom – which – whose – where when – that (but not that) You know that person who/that invited us. Peter, who invited us, is a nice person. The person whom/that we invited hasn’t come. John, whom we invited yesterday, didn’t come to the party. Towns which/that attract tourists are usually crowded. Madrid, which attracts many tourists, is usually crowded. The man whose car was stolen had to buy a new one. Jane, whose car was stolen, had to buy a new one. The city where we live is very crowded. Leganés, where we live, is also very crowded. Sometimes we can leave out the pronouns: Ex. The man (who) we saw yesterday is my neighbor.</p><p>A: Sometimes we can leave out / omit the pronoun in defining object clauses:</p><p>Ex. The man (who-m) we saw yesterday is my neighbour. / This is my neighbor. We saw him yesterday.</p><p>Have you seen the book (that) I was reading? / I was reading a book. Have you seen it?</p><p>B: We cannot leave out / omit the pronoun</p><p>Ex. Sam, whom we saw yesterday, is my neighbor.</p><p>The book “El Quijote”, which I was reading is really good.</p><p>RELATIVE CLAUSES – EXERCISES</p><p>1. Write a sentences with WHO or THAT as an OBJECT of the underlined part.</p><p>Ex. The shirt doesn’t fit. Which shirt? Peter’s. He bought it yesterday.</p><p>The shirt that Peter bought yesterday doesn’t fit.</p><p> a. He is a millionaire. Who is? Angela knows him.</p><p>The man ______</p><p> b. The vase was extremely valuable. What vase? You know. John broke it.</p><p>The vase______</p><p> c. It’s really nice. What is? The jacket. You wore it last night.</p><p>The jacket ______2. Complete the advertisements. Use relative clauses without a pronoun.</p><p>Ex. Heno de Pravia soap. Beautiful people use it. It’s the soap beautiful people use.</p><p> a. A Honda car. You can afford it. </p><p>- It’s ______</p><p> b. ‘Braveheart’. People want to see this film.</p><p>- It’s ______</p><p> c. ‘Lindt chocolates’. You enjoy them.</p><p>- It’s ______</p><p> d. ‘Pronto cleaner’. You can trust it.</p><p>- It’s ______</p><p> e. ‘ “Muy interesante” magazine’. Clever people read it.</p><p>- It’s ______</p><p>3. Match the phrases and write the definitions</p><p> a. A kitchen a cupboard somebody travels to it.</p><p> b. A microphone a piece of furniture you can either sit or sleep on it.</p><p> c. A sofa bed an instrument you can make holes with it.</p><p> d. A drill a room we keep valuable things in it.</p><p> e. A destination a passage you cook in it.</p><p> f. A corridor the place people speak into it.</p><p> g. A safe a tool people walk along it.</p><p>4. Join sentences with a relative pronoun.</p><p> a. The coffee shop was very modern. It didn’t have tables.</p><p> b. John is a very nice doctor. He works in a public hospital.</p><p> c. My parents hate red meat. They are vegetarians.</p><p> d. The car doesn’t work properly. It is Japanese.</p><p> e. They live in London. I spent some summers there.</p><p> f. The students don’t want to work. They are always very lazy.</p><p> g. Felipe González likes gardening. He is a lawyer.</p><p> h. Thetree is very rare. Its leaves are purple. 5. Join the sentences with a relative pronoun. Omit the relative when possible.</p><p> a. He found the letter. He was looking for it.</p><p> b. Carlos Arguiñano is a cook. He’s working for TVE now.</p><p> c. The hotel is called “The Palace”. Famous politicians go there.</p><p> d. Victor Manuel is a singer. His songs are very popular.</p><p> e. Where did you buy the jeans? You were wearing them at the party last night.</p><p> f. Cela is a writer. He received the Nobel Prize in 1969.</p><p> g. Sharon Stone is a famous film star. Everybody knows her.</p><p> h. Bon Jovi is a pop group. They will give a concert inSpain next June.</p><p> i. We bought a table. It only had three legs.</p><p> j. That picture is a Renoir. You are looking at it.</p><p> k. Atocha is a railway station. The AVE starts its journey there.</p><p> l. This is the school. Its windows are always open.</p><p>6. Complete the text, using who, which, where, whose or leaving a blank.</p><p>Billie Holiday , American singer (1913-1959)</p><p>Billie Holiday is a show-business figure ______will never be forgotten. She was one of the greatest nightclub singers ______the world has ever known. She heard her first jazz music in the Baltimore club ______she used to sing as a child. She became a successful jazz singer and later toured with a man ______band was well-known all over the world – Count Basie.</p><p>Holiday had the sort of voice ______mad songs like ‘The Man I love’ unforgettable.</p><p>However, her personal life was never happy. The man ______she really loved was her first husband, a heroin addict. It was her attempt to cure him ______caused her own addiction and ______turned her life into a pattern of hospital and prison.</p><p>7. What do you know about Charles Dickens? Complete the sentences with who, which or whose. If “ who” and “which” are not necessary, don’t write them in.</p><p>Charles Dickens’ biography</p><p>Charles Dickens was an English writer ______lived from 1812 to 1870. The books ______he wrote are read in many countries. Dickens, ______family was very poor, had to start work when he was ten years old. In England at that time, people ______could not pay their debts were sent to prison. This happened to Dicken’s father, ______first name was John. This meant that Dickens, ______was only a boy, had to visit his father in prison. Later, Dickens wrote books based on people ______he had known and places ______he had lived in. In ‘David Copperfield’ he wrote about the visits ______he paid to his father inprison. In some of his books he wrote about terrible schools like the one ______he went to himself. In ‘Oliver Twist’ he wrote about children ______were poor and sometimes orphans – children ______parents have died.</p><p>Dickens is known for making up characters like Uriah Heep, Fagin and the Artful Dodger, ______names are known even to some people ______have no read the books. Dickens, ______was also a good actor, used to read his stories to audiences in England and America.</p><p>He married a woman ______name was Catherine and ______was the daughter of his first publisher.</p>