E142 High Speed Rail (West Midlands - Crewe) Environmental Statement Volume 5: Technical appendices CA4: Whitmore Heath to Madeley Cultural heritage baseline report (CH-001-004) High Speed Two (HS2) Limited Two Snowhill Snow Hill Queensway Birmingham B4 6GA 08081 434 434 [email protected] E142 July 2017 ES 3.5.2.4.4 E142 High Speed Rail (West Midlands - Crewe) Crewe) Midlands - Speed Rail (West High Environmental Statement High Speed Rail (West Midlands - Crewe) Environmental Statement Volume 5: Technical appendices CA4: Whitmore Heath to Madeley Volume 5: Technical appendices CA4: Whitmore Heath to Madeley Whitmore Heath CA4: appendices Technical 5: Volume Cultural heritage baseline report (CH-001-004) High Speed Two (HS2) Limited Two Snowhill Snow Hill Queensway Birmingham B4 6GA 08081 434 434 [email protected] July 2017 ES 3.5.2.4.4 High Speed Two (HS2) Limited has been tasked by the Department for Transport (DfT) with managing the delivery of a new national high speed rail network. It is a non-departmental public body wholly owned by the DfT. High Speed Two (HS2) Limited, Two Snowhill Snow Hill Queensway Birmingham B4 6GA Telephone: 08081 434 434 General email enquiries: [email protected] Website: www.gov.uk/hs2 A report prepared for High Speed Two (HS2) Limited: High Speed Two (HS2) Limited has actively considered the needs of blind and partially sighted people in accessing this document. The text will be made available in full on the HS2 website. The text may be freely downloaded and translated by individuals or organisations for conversion into other accessible formats. If you have other needs in this regard, please contact High Speed Two (HS2) Limited. © High Speed Two (HS2) Limited, 2017, except where otherwise stated. Copyright in the typographical arrangement rests with High Speed Two (HS2) Limited. This information is licensed under the Open Government Licence v2.0. 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Appendix CH-001-004 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Structure of the cultural heritage appendices 1 1.2 Study area 1 1.3 Data sources 1 1.4 Survey undertaken 2 2 Geology, topography and landform 3 2.1 Overview 3 2.2 Geoarchaeological characterisation 5 3 Archaeological and historical record 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Early prehistory 7 3.3 Late prehistory 10 3.4 Romano British AD43 – AD410 12 3.5 Early medieval AD410 - AD1066 13 3.6 Medieval AD1066 – AD1540 15 3.7 Post-medieval AD1540 to AD1901 17 3.8 Modern AD1901 to present 19 4 Built heritage 20 4.1 Introduction 20 4.2 Built heritage assets within the land required for the Proposed Scheme 20 4.3 Key built heritage assets within 500m of the land required for the Proposed Scheme 20 4.4 Key built heritage assets within 2km of the land required for the Proposed Scheme, where this also falls within the ZTV 26 5 Historic landscape 27 5.1 Introduction 27 6 Archaeological risk mapping 28 6.1 Introduction 28 6.2 Archaeological character areas 28 6.3 Archaeological sub-zones 28 7 Analysis and research potential 31 i Appendix CH-001-004 7.1 Introduction 31 7.2 Research potential and priorities 31 8 References 33 8.1 General references 33 8.2 Cartographic resources 37 ii Appendix CH-001-004 1 Introduction 1.1 Structure of the cultural heritage appendices 1.1.1 The cultural heritage Appendices for the Whitmore Heath to Madeley area (CA4) comprise: • a baseline report (this Appendix); • a gazetteer of heritage assets (Volume 5: Appendix CH-002-004); • an impact assessment (Volume 5: Appendix CH-003-004); and • survey reports, incorporating geophysical survey and remote sensing studies, which are available in the Background Information and Data document1. 1.1.2 In addition there are two route-wide cultural heritage Appendices: • a historic landscape character report (Volume 5: Appendix CH-005-000); and • a geoarchaeology desk study report (Volume 5: Appendix CH-006-000). 1.1.3 Maps referred to throughout the cultural heritage Appendices are contained in the Volume 5: Cultural Heritage Map Book. 1.2 Study area 1.2.1 The Whitmore Heath to Madeley area lies within the Newcastle-under-Lyme district within Staffordshire, comprising parts of the civil parishes of Whitmore, Baldwin’s Gate and Madeley. 1.2.2 All non-designated and designated assets within the land required for the Proposed Scheme and within 500m of it have been detailed in this baseline report. In addition, designated heritage assets have been examined within the zone of theoretical visibility (ZTV). 1.2.3 All identified assets are listed in Volume 5: Appendix CH-002-004 Gazetteer of heritage assets and shown in Cultural Heritage Map Series CH-01-214 – CH-01-215a- R1, CH-02-208 and CH-02-209 (Volume 5: Cultural Heritage Map Book). 1.3 Data sources 1.3.1 Sources examined as part of this baseline assessment include published secondary sources, cartographic sources, Historic Environment Record (HER) data for non- designated heritage assets and the Historic England national heritage list for designated assets. A full list of published sources can be found in Section 8 of this Appendix. 1 HS2 Ltd (2017), High Speed Two (HS2) Phase 2a (West Midlands - Crewe), Background Information and Data, Cultural heritage survey reports, BID- CH-004-004, www.gov.uk/hs2 1 Appendix CH-001-004 1.4 Survey undertaken 1.4.1 The following surveys were undertaken as part of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process: • light detection and ranging (LiDAR) survey of the majority of the land required for the Proposed Scheme and land around it (see BID-CH-004-004 Cultural heritage survey reports); • a programme of non-intrusive surveys including geophysical prospection (see BID- CH-004-004); and • field walkover and targeted field walking, and site reconnaissance field inspections to review the setting of historic assets and the character and form of the historic landscape. 2 Appendix CH-001-004 2 Geology, topography and landform 2.1 Overview 2.1.1 The solid geology of the study area is dominated by deposits formed during the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic periods. Broadly, these comprise deposits of Triassic period (251 - 200 million years) along the northern and southern fringes of the study area, with deposits from the Permian and Carboniferous period (312 - 271 million years) dominating the majority of the central areas. This represents a generalisation of what is in reality a highly complex geology within the study area and also the northern sections of the adjoining Stone and Swynnerton community area (CA3) study area south of Stoke on Trent and to the north of Stone. The Triassic deposits within the north of the study area comprise mudstones and siltstones of the Sidmouth Mudstone Formation, part of the Mercia Mudstone Group. To the south around Madeley and south of Stoke-on-Trent are Carboniferous mudstones, siltstones and sandstones of the Halesowen Formation (Warwickshire Group), with mudstone, sandstones and conglomerates of the Etruria Formation to the north-east around Madeley Heath. Carboniferous mudstones, sandstones and pebble conglomerates of the Salop Formation occur in the area broadly between the M6, the A53 Newcastle Road and the West Coast Main Line (WCML). The Halesowen, Salop and Etruria formations form part of the Warwickshire Group of Carboniferous sedimentary rocks. Triassic rocks are distributed to the south of this around Baldwin’s Gate and Whitmore towards Swynnerton Old Park, comprising interbedded sandstone and conglomerates of the Kidderminster Formation and sandstones of the Wildmoor Sandstone Formation, both part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group. 2.1.2 The solid geology is partially overlain by superficial deposits formed during the Quaternary period (last 2.5 million years) as a consequence of the repeated advance and retreat of the ice sheets. Superficial deposits are patchy or absent entirely from large portions of the study area, particularly in the area between Mare Hills, Hey Sprink and Swynnerton Old Park to the east of Stoke-on-Trent. The study area is close to the margins of the last major ice sheet to have affected mainland Britain during the late Devensian (approximately 30,000 – 15,000 years BP2), which largely removed evidence of earlier ice sheets and palaeodrainage. On present evidence, the margins of the ice sheet reached a line from Lichfield to Wolverhampton, although the precise limits of the ice sheet are still a matter of debate. Consequently, it is possible that although the majority of deposits are of recent date, remnants of earlier glacial and fluvial sediments may be preserved beneath Devensian deposits. The superficial geology can be divided between four main deposit types: 1) fluvioglacial sands and gravels; 2) till; 3) peat; and 4) Holocene alluvium. 2.1.3 Fluvioglacial sands and gravels, deposited either by seasonal meltwater outwash at the edge of the Devensian ice sheet or as the ice sheet retreated at the end of the last ice-age, are distributed in the north of the study area, to the north and west of Madeley and to the west of Stoke-on-Trent. Modest deposits of poorly sorted tills (previously termed boulder clays) were laid down as ice sheets expanded to cover the 2 BP - 'Before Present' is a time scale typically taken to be the number of years prior to 1 January 1950 when radiocarbon dating (C14) became practical, and also to indicate the number of years prior to nuclear testing which altered the isotope ratios in the atmosphere.