Young People, Crime and Justice

Troubles of Youth: Young People, Crime and JusticeA Level Two UnitManchester Metropolitan UniversityB.A. (Honours) Criminology B.A. (Honours) Criminology and Sociology, B.A. (Honours) Criminology and Contemporary Culture B.A./ BSc (Honours) Criminology in Combined Honours 2008 /09Unit Tutor: Other Staff: Dan Ellingworth Chris Fox Room 403 Room 411 Geoffrey Manton Building Geoffrey Manton Building Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Tel: 247 3001 Tel 247 3031Wikisite: http://troublesofyouth.pbwiki.com Contents PageIntroduction ……………………………………………………………. p3Session Outline ……………………………………………………….. p4Assessment …...... p5Reading List …...... p6Troubles of Youth - 2 - IntroductionWelcome to the brand new unit “Troubles of Youth: Young People, Crime and Justice”. The unit will deal with a range of interconnected areas of study, but the core material of the unit will consider the strong relationships that are observed between the experience of being a young person, and the experience of crime. You should be familiar enough, now, with critical approach implicit in the subject of sociology, and as such, you should recognise that the two terms “young person” and “crime” are both social constructions. By this we mean that the terms do not exist in a vacuum: both terms are subject to individual and societal emphases and interpretations. At times, young people are seen in a positive light: enthusiastic, untainted by the errors of older generations, and vigorous in pursuing personal and moral ideals. However, as I am sure you are aware, young people are also, at other times, seen as ‘yobs’, rejecting of all values society hold true, and the source of a huge range of social ills – teenage pregnancy, anti-social behaviour and the cause of the elderly generation cowering in their homes as ‘feral youth’ run riot in their neighbourhoods. And who do we mean when we talk about ‘young people’ or ‘youth’? Are these different or overlapping groups of people? Are we interested in issues relating to children? When does ‘youth’ end? Do we define ‘youth’ by age, by rights or by responsibilities? What are wider society’s responsibilities to young people, and how do these vary for different groups of young people?Similarly (as you will be aware after your first year of study) the history of crime control demonstrates that those behaviours subject to formal censure and punishment are not a given. It all depends…. on who committed the act, who or what the target was, at what point in history, and in what wider social context. Acts of drug use, assault, embezzlement, theft, anti-social behaviour sexual crime etc. have all been responded to with different levels of formal zeal in different situations. As criminologists, we need to consider issues relating to offenders (potential and actual), victims (potential and actual), society more widely (the ‘contexts’ in which crime does or doesn’t occur), and politics.As a criminology unit, “Troubles of Youth” has, as already stated, crime at its core. We need, though, to consider some related, but wider questions. How do young people’s experiences of education impact on their experiences of crime, as either offender or victim? Does the world of work represent an alternative to a life of crime, opportunities for greater levels of offending, or indeed a source of personal risk to the young person? What divergent forms of social control are young people subject to, and in what arenas (e.g. sexuality, politics, leisure activity etc)? What different situations do people find themselves in, in different parts of the world?In short, therefore, we are looking to understand the specific and varied experiences that young people go through in a range of different areas of Troubles of Youth - 3 - society, and in particular, how these experiences impact on areas of criminological interest.Session Outline (this may well be amended)Term One Lecture Seminar 29th Sept Intro No Seminar 6th Oct Criminological Theory and Intro Young People 13th Oct Trends in the Experience of Youth & Crime: Public Youth Opinion and yours! 20th Oct Social Construction of Youth Outlining Key Issues 27th Oct Video – You’re not splitting up Images of Youth my family 3rd Nov Coursework Week Essay Planning 10th Nov Age-Crime Curve: Onset and Feedback from Essay Desistance Palling 17th Nov Young people and Risk Video – Cotton-wool kids 24th Nov Youth Culture and Identity Risk Aversion and its impact 1st Dec Gender and Youth Gangs and Identity 8th Dec Family and Crime Youth& Crime: GenderTerm Two Lecture Seminar 12th Jan The Politics of Youth Justice Parenting 19th Jan Youth Incarceration Political Approaches to Young People – Every Child Matters 26th Jan Evaluating Youth Policy Experience of Youth Incarceration 2nd Feb Restorative Justice Evaluation Exercise 9th Feb Schools and Delinquent RJ Video Behaviour 16th Feb Drug and Alcohol Use School based interventions 23rd Feb Anti-social Behaviour Report Planning 2nd March Youth Violence ASB Debate 9th March Working with Young Community Offenders Interventions 16th March Resettlement and Re- Report Planning offendingTroubles of Youth - 4 - Assessment The assessment for the unit is carried out through two 3000 pieces of coursework. For submission dates, please refer to: http://www.hlss.mmu.ac.uk/support/acw-schedule/Assessment One Answer ONE of the following questions: word limit is 2000 words.1. To what extent are young people’s lives affected by ‘risk aversion’, and what are the effects of this? 2. How useful is the concept of ‘gangs’ to explaining young people’s deviance? 3. What significance should be placed on economic and political shifts since 1980 in understanding the experiences of young people? 4. How can an understanding of the age-crime curve inform appropriate ways of responding to young offenders? 5. What are the important differences in the experience of young women and young men? 6. Critically assess the links drawn between parenting and youth deviance. 7. Why do youth justice professionals argue for a reduction in the use of incarceration for young people, and why has this been unsuccessful?Assessment Two Word limit is 2000 wordsChoose ONE of the following ‘social problems’ that relating to young people, and evaluate how effective policy and practice has been in responding to it.  Disengagement with school  Drug and/or alcohol abuse  “At-risk-of-offending” young people  The resettlement of incarcerated youth  Cutting re-offending  Knife and/or gun Violence  Gang CrimeWrite a report on this topic which has two sections: i. an analysis of the dimensions and causes of the problem. ii. a critical evaluation of the policy response to this problem  You can interpret ‘policy response’ in a range of ways: this can include legal changes, changes in practice made nationally or more locally, and/or local innovative projects.  You should provide a clear description of the aim(s) of the policy response, and an evaluation of whether this aim(s) have been met  Your research for the case study can combine standard academic sources (books, journal articles, research monographs) with Troubles of Youth - 5 - information gained from contact with agencies working in the subject area.Reading ListThe following reading list is far from complete, and you should only treat this as a guide. A number of criminological texts that you should be familiar from your first year units will have chapters of direct relevance to issues relating to this unit, but there will also be chapters that you may find of considerable help. One particular area is criminological theory: these are not directly referred to here, but you will need to apply these theories to the specific concerns of this unit.Also note that considerable amounts of the reading list is available online: most of the journals listed here are available through the library computer catalogue, and reports by organisations such as NACRO, the Youth Justice Board, IPPR and the Home Office are nearly always published online in their entirety, or occasionally in summary.General TextsBateman, T. and Pitts, J (2005) The RHP Companion to Youth Justice, Lyme Regis, RHPBrown, S (2005) Understanding youth and crime, Buckingham , OUPGoldson, B (ed) (2000) The New Youth Justice, Lyme Regis, Russell House PublishingKirton, D (2005) Young people and crime in Hale, C et al (eds) (2005) Criminology, OUP, OxfordMuncie, J (1999) Youth and Crime: A Critical Introduction, Sage, LondonMuncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, SageScraton, P (ed) (1997) Childhood in Crisis?, London, UCL PressSmith, R (2003) Youth Justice: Ideas, Policy, Practice, Willan, CullomptonContext SettingAries, P (1973) Centuries of Childhood, Harmondsworth, PenguinBoyle, J (1977) A Sense of Freedom, Canongate Press, EdinburghBrooks, L (2006) The Story of Childhood: Growing up in Modern Britain, Bloomsbury, LondonTroubles of Youth - 6 - Campbell, B (1993) Goliath: Britain’s Dangerous Places, London, MethuenDavis, J (1990) Youth and the Condition of Britain, Athlone Press, LondonFlood-Page, C., Campbell, S., Harrington, V., and Miller, J. (2000) Youth Crime: Findings from the 1998/99 Youth Lifestyles Survey, Home Office Research Study 209, London, Home OfficeJenks, C (2005) Childhood, Routledge, LondonKozol, J (1995) Amazing Grace: The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation, New York, Harper PerennialNewburn, T (2002) Disaffected Young People in Poor Communities, PPRU Paper No.1, Goldsmiths College, Public Policy Research UnitMacDonald, R (ed) (1997) Youth, the Underclass and Social Exlusion, London, RoutledgeMacDonald, R and Marsh, J (2005) Disconnected Youth: Growing up in Britain’s poor neighbourhoods, Basingstoke, MacmillanNakou, S. and Pantelakis, S. (1997) The Child in the World of Tomrorrow, Oxford, Pergamon PressPostman, N (1994) The Disappearance of Childhood, Vintage, New YorkRoche, J and Tucker, S (1997) Youth in society: contemporary theory, policy and practice, London: SageWyn, J and White, R (1997) Rethinking Youth, Sage, LondonWyn, J and White, R (2000) ‘Negotiating Social Change: The Paradox of Youth’, Youth and Society, Vol. 32, No 2 165-183Patterns of Young People’s OffendingBachelor, S, Burman, M and Brown, J. (2001) ‘Discussing Violence: Let’s Hear it from the Girls’, Probation Journal, 48 (2): pp 125-34Bachelor, S and Burman, M (2004) Working with Girls and Young Women in McIvor, G (ed.) Women who Offend, Jessica Kingsley, LondonCurtis, S (1999) Children who Break the Law, Waterside PressDavies, B (1996) Threatening Youth, Milton Keynes, Open University PressEast, K and Campbell, S (2000) Aspects of Crime: Young Offenders 1999, Home Office, LondonTroubles of Youth - 7 - Estrada, F. (2001) ‘Juvenile violence as a social problem: Trends, media attention and societal response’, British Journal of Criminology, 41: 639-55Farrington D. (1992) `Trends in English juvenile delinquency and their explanation' International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice Vol. 16, No 2 pp. 151-163FitzGerald, M.,Stockdale, J. and Hale, C. (2003) Young People and Street Crime. Youth Justice Board for England and Wales: London.Graham J. and Bowling, B (1995) Young People and Crime, HORS 145, London, Home OfficeHagell, A and Newburn, T (1994) Persistent Young Offenders, London, Policy Studies InstituteJeffrey C., and Mcdowell, L ‘Youth in a Comparative Perspective: Global Change, Local Lives’, Youth & Society, Vol. 36 No. 2, December 2004 131-142McNeill, F., and Batchelor, S. (2004) Persistent Offending by Young People, London, National Association of Probation OfficersNACRO (2004) Some Facts About Young People who Offend 2002, Youth Crime Briefing, London, NACROShaw, C and McKay, H. (1942) Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas, Chicago: University of Chicago PressTonry, M and Doob A. (eds) (2004) Youth Crime and Youth Justice. Comparative and Cross National Perspectives, Vol. 31 Crime and Justice: a Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago PressWikstrom, P-O and Loeber, R. (2000) ‘Do disadvantaged neighbourhoods cause well- adjusted children to become adolescent delinquents? A study of male serious juvenile offending, individual risk and protective factor, and neighbourhood context, Criminology, 38: 1109-42Wright, R., Brookman, F. and Bennett, T.H. (2006) ‘The foreground dynamics of street robbery in Britain’, British Journal of Criminology. Vol. 46, no. 1. pp.1-15.Young People in Political and Media DiscourseAudit Commission (1996) Misspent Youth: Young People and Crime, Audit Commission, LondonAudit Commission (1998) Misspent Youth ‘98: the Challenge for Youth Justice, Audit Commission, LondonTroubles of Youth - 8 - Chief Secretary to the Treasury (2003) Every Child Matters (Green Paper), Cm 5860, HMSO, LondonClarke, J (1975) ‘The three Rs – repression, rescue and rehabilitation: ideologies of control for working class youth’ in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, SageEdwards, L and Becky Hatch (2003) Passing Time: A report about young people and communities, IPPR, LondonFranklin, B., and Petley, J., (1996) ‘Killing the age of innocence: newspaper reporting of the death of James Bulger’ in in J. Pilcher and S.Wagg (eds) Thatcher’s Children? Politics, childhood and society in the 1908s and 1990s, Falmer Press, LondonGoldson, B.; Lavalette, M.; McKechnie, J. (eds) (2002) Children, Welfare and the State, London, SageHendrick, H. (1997) Constructions and Reconstructions of British childhood: an interpretative survey, 1800 to the present, in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, SageHome Office (1997) Tackling Youth Crime: A Consultation Paper, London, Home OfficeHome Office (2003) Using Powers to Take a Stand against Yobs, London, Home OfficeJewkes, Y. (2004) Crime and the Media, Sage, London esp. Ch4. “Media Constructions of Children: ‘Evil Monsters’ and ‘Tragic Victims’”Labour Party (1996) Tackling Youth Crime: Reforming Youth Justice, London, Labour PartyMagarey, S (1978) ‘The invention of juvenile delinquency in early nineteenth-century England’ in Labour History No 34. pp11-25 (also available abridged in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, SageMcRobbie, A. and Thornton, S. (1995) Rethinking ‘moral panic’ for multi-mediated social worlds, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 46, No 4, pp 559-74 (also available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, Sage)Mizen, P (2003) ‘The best days of your life? Youth, policy and Blair’s New Labour’, Critical Social Policy, 23(4): 453-76Morrison, B (1997) As If, London, GrantaNewburn, T. (1996) ‘Back to the Future? Youth crime, youth justice and the rediscovery of ‘authoritarian populism’’ in J. Pilcher and S.Wagg (eds) Thatcher’s Troubles of Youth - 9 - Children? Politics, childhood and society in eth 1908s and 1990s, Falmer Press, LondonPearson, G (1983) Hooligan, a History of Respectable Fears, Macmillan, LondonPearson, G (1993/4) Youth Crime and moral decline: permissiveness and tradition, in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, SagePitts, J (2001) The new politics of youth crime: discipline or solidarity? Basingstoke : PalgravePlatt, A (1969) The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency, Chicago, Il, Chicago University PressRose, N (1989) Governing the Soul, London: RoutledgeScraton, P. and Haydon, D. (2002) Challenging the criminalization of children and young people available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, SageWelch, M., Price, E., and Yankey, N. (2002) ‘Moral Panic over Youth Violence: Wilding and the Manufacture of Menace in the Media’, Youth and Society, Vol. 34, No 1, 3-30Age and developmentAgnew, R (2003) ‘An integrated theory of the adolescent peak in offending’, Youth and Society, Vol. 34, No 3 pp263-299Farrington, D.P. (2002) Ch 19 Developmental Criminology and Risk-focused prevention, in Maguire, M., Morgan, R., and Reiner, R (2002) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd edition, Oxford, OUPFarrington D.P.(1992) Criminal Career Research in the United Kingdom; Brit. J. of Crim. Vol 32. No 4.Hirschi, T and M.Gottfredson (1983) Age and the Explanation of Crime, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 89, No. 3.Homel, R (2005) Ch 4. ‘Developmental crime prevention’ in Tilley, N (2005) Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Cullompton, WillanMoffitt, T.E (1993) Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy, Psychological Review, Vol. 100, No. 4. Rutherford, A (1992) Growing out of crime: Society and young people in trouble, Penguin, HarmondsworthTroubles of Youth - 10 - Sampson, R.J. and Laub, J.H. (1993) Crime in the making: pathways and turning points through life, London : Harvard University PressSampson, R.J. and Laub, J.H. (2003) Shared beginnings, divergent lives: delinquent boys to age 70; London: Harvard University PressSmith, D.J. (2002) Ch 20 Crime and the Life Course, in Maguire, M., Morgan, R., and Reiner, R (2002) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd edition, Oxford, OUPYoung People and RiskCieslek, M and Pollock, G (eds) (2002) Young People in Risk Society: The Restructuring of Youth Identities and Transitions in Late Modernity, Aldershot, AshgateCollinshaw, S., Maughan, B., Goodman, R. and Pickles, A. (2004) ‘Time Trends in adolescent mental health’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(8):1350-62Fleming, M et al (2006) Safety in Cyberspace: Adolescents’ Safety and Exposure Online; Youth & Society, Volume 38 Number 2France, A (2000) Towards a sociological understanding of youth and their risk taking, Journal of Youth Studies, 3(3): 317-31Furedi, F (2001) Paranoid Parenting, London, Allen LaneGill, T (2007) No Fear: Growing Up in a Risk Averse Society; London, Calouste Gulbenkian FoundationGreen, E., Mitcehll, W., and Bunton, R. (2000) ’Contextualising risk and danger: an analysis of young people’s perceptions of risk, Journal of Youth studies, 3 (2): 109-26Hazard, B.P and Lee, C ‘Understanding Youth’s Health-Compromising Behaviours in Germany: an application of the risk-behaviour framework’ Youth and Society, Vol. 30, No 3, pp348-366Mitchell, W., Burton, R., and Green, E. (eds) Young People, Risk and Leisure: Constructing Identities in Everyday Life’, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacmillanPalmer, S (2007) Toxic Childhood: How The Modern World Is Damaging Our Children And What We Can Do About It, London, OrionPlant, M. and Plant, M. (1992) Risk Takers: Alcohol, Drugs, Sex and Youth, London: RoutledgeThom, B, Sales, R and Pearce, J (eds) (2007) Growing up with Risk, Bristol, Policy PressTroubles of Youth - 11 - The Youth Justice System‘Juvenile Crime and the State’s Response’ in Joyce, P. (2006) Criminal Justice: and introduction to crime and the criminal justice system, Cullompton, Willan‘Youth Crime and Youth Justice’ in Newburn, T (2003) Crime and Criminal Justice Policy (2nd ed.), Harlow, Longman Ch 2 Youth Justice: discretion in pre-court decision making (Vicky Kemp and Lorraine Gelsthorpe) in Gelsthorpe and Padfield (ed.) “Exercising Discretion”Ashford, M (1998) Making Criminals out of Children: abolishing the presumption of doli incapax, Criminal Justice, 16, 16-17Austin, J and Krisberg, B. (1981) Wider, stronger and different nets: the dialectics of criminal justice reform’ Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 18, No 1, pp 165-196 (also available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, Sage)Burnett, R and Appleton, C (2004) Joined up Youth Justice: Tackling Youth Crime in Partnership, Lyme Regis, RHPBurnett, R and Catherine Appleton (2004) Joined-Up Services to Tackle Youth Crime The British Journal of Criminology; 44, 1Davies, Z and McMahon, W (eds) (2007) Debating Youth Justice: From punishment to problem solving?, Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, KCLEaston, S. and Piper, C. (2005) Sentencing and Punishment: The Quest for Justice, Oxford, OUP Ch 7 & 9Holdaway, S. et al. (2001) New Strategies to Address Youth Offending: The National Evaluation of the Pilot Youth Offending tams, Home Office RDS Occasional Paper no.69, Home Office, LondonHough, M and Roberts, J.V. (2004) Youth Crime and Youth Justice: Public Opinion in England and Wales, Policy Press, London (summary available online at http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/fileLibrary/pdf/summary.pdf )Morgan, R (2007) ‘Youth Justice: Rearranging the deckchairs or real reform?’ Criminal Justice Matters no. 69 AutumnNACRO (2000) Proportionality in the Youth Justice System, Youth Justice Briefing, London, NACROO’Mahoney, D (2000) Young People, Crime and Criminal Justice: Patterns and Prospects for the Future, Youth & Society, Vol 32, No 1Troubles of Youth - 12 - Platt, A (1974) The Triumph of benevolence: the origins of the juvenile justice system in the United States, available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, SageTonry, M and Doob A. (eds)(2004) Youth Crime and Youth Justice. Comparative and Cross National Perspectives, Vol. 31 Crime and Justice: a Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago PressUnited Nations (2002) Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Right of the Child: UK, United Nations (UNCRC/C15 Add.188)Youth Incarceration‘The Werrington Experience’ in Ramsbottom, D (2003) Prisongate: The Shocking State of Britain’s Prisons and the need for Visionary Change, Simon and Schuster, LondonFarrington, D (et al) (2000) Evaluation of Intensive Regimes for Young Offenders, Research Findings No.121, Home Office RDS, London, Home OfficeGoldson, B (2002a) Vulnerable Inside: Children in Secure and Penal Settings, London, The Children’s SocietyGoldson, B (20002b) ‘New punitiveness: the politics of child incarceration’ in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, SageHoward League (1995) Banged Up, Beaten Up, Cutting Up: The Report of the Howard League Commission of Inquiry into violence in penal institutions for teenagers under 18, London, Howard League for Penal ReformLyon, J., Dennison, C., and Wilson, A (2000) Tell Them so they Listen: Messages from Young People in Custody, Research Study 2001, London, Home OfficeMuncie, J (1990) ‘Failure never matters’, Critical Social Policy, No 28, pp53-60 (available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, Sage)NACRO (2003) A Failure of Justice: Reducing Child Imprisonment, London: NACRONational Audit Office (2004) Youth Offending: The Delivery of Community and Custodial Services, HC 190 Session 2003-2004Neustatter, A (2002) Locked in Locked Out: the experience of young offenders out of society and in prison, London, Calouste Gulbenkian FoundationSimon, J (1995) The boot camp and the limits of modern penality, Social Justice, Vol. 22 No. 2 pp 25-48 (available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, Sage)Troubles of Youth - 13 - Stewart, G., and Tutt, N. (1987) Children in Custody, Aldershot, AveburyYouth Justice Board (2000) Factors Associated with Differential Rates of Youth Custodial Sentencing, London, Youth Justice BoardYouth Justice Board (2001) Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Youth Crime and Effective Interventions to Prevent it, Research Note 5, London, Youth Justice BoardWorking with Young OffendersBaker, K., Jones, S, Roberts, C. and Merrington, S. (2000) The Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of the Youth Justice Board’s Assessment for Young People who Offend: Findings from the first Two Years of the Use of ASSET, London, Youth Justice BoardFeilzer, M., Appleton, C., Roberts, C. and Hoyle, C. (2004) The National Evaluation of the Youth Justice Board’s Cognitive Behavioural Projects, London, Youth Justice BoardPitts, J (1999) Working with Young Offenders, 2nd ed. London, MacMillanUtting, D (1996) Reducing Criminality Among Young People: A Sample of Relevant Programmes in the UK, Home Office Research Study No. 161, London: HMSOWikstrom, P-O (2002) Adolescent Crime in Context. The Peterborough Youth Study: Report to the Home Office, Cambridge, University of Cambridge Institute of CriminologyGangsBjerregaard B. (2002) Self-Definitions of Gang Membership and Involvement in Delinquent Activities, Youth and Society, Vol34, No1 pp31-54Cloward, R.A. and Ohlin, L.E. (1960) Delinquency and Opportunity: A theory of Delinquent gangs, Free Press, New YorkCohen, A (1955) Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang, New York, Free PressMiller, W.B. (1958) Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 15 No 1Morash, M. (1983) Gangs, Groups, And Delinquency, British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 23 No. 4Culture, Lifestyle and IdentityTroubles of Youth - 14 - Brake, M (1980) The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures, Routledge and Kegan Paul, LondonCohen, S (1980) Folk Devils and Moral Panics, Martin Robertson, LondonCurrie, E (2004) The Road to Whatever: Middle-class Culture and the Crisis of Adolescence, Metropolitan Books, New YorkErikson, E (1968) Identity: Youth in Crisis, Norton, New YorkFlood-Page, C. et al (2000) Findings from the 1998/99 Youth Lifestyles Survey, London, Home OfficeHall, S and Jefferson, T (1976) Resistance through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain, Hutchison, London Hayward (2002) The vilification and pleasures of youthful transgression in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, SageHebdige, D (1987) Subculture: The Meaning of Style, Methuen LondonKatz, J (1988) The Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions of doing Evil, New York, Basic BooksMatza, D (1964) Delinquency and Drift, Wiley, New YorkMatza, D (1969) Becoming Deviant, Prentice Hall, New JerseyMcRobbie, A (1991) Feminism and Youth Culture, Macmillan, LondonMcRobbie, A (1994) A Cultural Sociology of youth’ in A McRobbie (ed) Postmodernism and Popular Culture, Routledge, LondonMiles, S (2000) Youth Lifestyles in a Changing World, Buckingham, Open University PressPutnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone, New York, Simon & SchusterRaffo, C and Reeves, M. (2000) ‘Youth Transitions and social exclusion: developments in social capital theory’, Journal of Youth Studies, 3(2): 147-66Redhead, S (1993) Rave Off: Politics and Deviance in Contemporary Youth Culture, Avebury, AldershotFamilies and ParentingBarrett, H. (2003) Parenting Programmes for Families at Risk, London: National Family and Parenting InstituteTroubles of Youth - 15 - Bowlby, J (1946) Forty-Four Juvenile Thieves: Their Characters and their home lives,Coleman, J. and Roker, D (eds) (2001) Supporting Parents of Teenagers, London, Jessica KingleyDallos, R (1981) Ch 17 ‘Moral development and the family: the genesis of crime’ in Fitzgerald, M., McLennan, G and Pawson, J (1981) Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory, London, Routledge & KeganDennis, N (1993) Rising Crime and the Dismembered Family, IEA, LondonDennis, N and Erdos, G (1992) Families without Fatherhood, IEA, LondonGelsthorpe, L (1999) ‘Youth crime and parental responsibility’ in Bainham, A., Day Sclater, S., and Richards, M (eds) What is a Parent? Oxford, Hart PublishingGhate, D and Ramella, M. (2002) Positive Parenting: The National Evaluation of the Youth Justice Board’s Parenting Programme, London, Youth Justice BoardJones, G (1995) Family Support for Young People, London, Family Policy Stdies CentreMuncie, J et al (eds) (1997) Understanding the Family, 2nd ed, Sage, LondonSaraga, E (1996) Dangerous Places: the family as a site of crime, in Muncie, J and McLaughlin, E (eds.) The Problem of Crime, London: Sage.Utting, D, Bright, J and Henricson, C (1993) Crime and the Family: Improving Childrearing and Preventing Delinquency, Family Studies Policy Centre, LondonWheal, A (ed) (2000) Working with Parents: Learning From Other People’s Experiences, Lyme Regis, RHPEducation and EmploymentBerridge, D Isabelle Brodie, John Pitts, David Porteous and Roger Tarling (2001) The independent effects of permanent exclusion from school on the offending careers of young people, RDS Occasional Paper No71, Home Office, LondonCohen, P (1986) Rethinking the Youth Question, Post-16 Education Centre, Working Paper No.3, Institute of Education, LondonCouncil of Eurpoe (2003) Violence in Schools – A Challenge for the Local Community. Strasbourg: Council of Europe PublishingGraham, J. (1988) Schools, Disruptive Behaviour and Delinquency, Research Study 96, London; Home OfficeTroubles of Youth - 16 - Hayden C (2005) ‘Crime Prevention: the role and potential of schools’ in J. Winstone and F. Pakes (ed) (2005) Community Justice: Issues for probation and criminal justice, Willan, CullomptonHayden , C, Williamson, T and Webber, R (2007) ‘Schools, Pupil Behaviour And Young Offenders: Using Postcode Classification to Target Behaviour Support and Crime Prevention Programmes’ British Journal of Criminilogy; 47, 293–310Karp, D.R. and Breslin, B (2001) ‘Restorative Justice in School Communities’, Youth & Society, Vol. 33, No 2, 249-272MacDonald, R and Marsh, J (2004) ‘Missing School: Educational Engagement: Youth Transitions and Social Exclusion’, Youth and Society, Vol. 36, No 2 pp143-162Roberts, K (1995) Youth and Employment in Modern Britain, OUP, OxfordSkinner, A and Fleming, J. (1999) Mentoring Socially Excluded Young People, Manchester, National Mentoring NetworkStephenson, M (2007) Young People and Offending: Education youth justice and social inclusion, Willan, CullomptonWillis, P (1977) Learning to Labour: How Working Class kids get Working Class Jobs, New York, Columbia University PressDrug and Alcohol UseBalding, J (1994) Young people and illicit drugs, Exeter, Health Education Unit, Exeter UniversityGoulden, C., and Sondhi, A. (2001) At the margins: drug use by vulnerable people in the 1998/99 Youth Lifestyles Survey, Home Office Research Study, Home Office Research Study No. 228, London, Home OfficeLloyd, C and Griffiths, P. 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