Key Issue 1: Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?

1 Chapter 13 Urban Patterns Introducing: Urban Patterns (p.460)• • Key Issue 1: Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?• CBD Land Uses• • Public Services in the CBDs• • Business Services in CBDs• • Consumer Servies in CBDs• Retailers with a High Threshold• Retailers with a High Range• Retailers Serving Downtown Workers• Activities Excluded From CBDs• Lack of Manufacturing in CBDs• • Lack of Residents in CBDs• • Competition for Land in the CBD• 2 Chapter 13 Urban Patterns • Identify Food Deserts• • • The Underground CBD• Skyscrapers• • Key Issue 2: Where Are People Distributed within Urban Areas?• Models of Urban Structure• • Concentric Zone and Figure• • • • • Sector Model and Figure• • Sector Model (cont.) • • • Multiple Nuclei Model and Figure 3 Chapter 13 Urban Patterns • • • • • Geographic Applications of the Models• • • • Applying the concentric zone model• Applying the sector model• Applying the multiple nuclei model• Market Segmentation: You Are Where You Live• • • Applying the Models Outside North America• CBDs in Europe• • • • Applying the Models in Europe• Sectors in European Cities 4 Chapter 13 Urban Patterns • • Concentric Zones in European Cities• • • Applying the Models in Developing Countries • Sectors in Cities of Developing Countries• • Concentric Zones in Cities of Developing Countries• • Squatter settlements• •• Figure 13-18• Stages of Cities in Developing Countries• Precolonial Cities• • • Colonial Cities• • • Cities Since Independence 5 Chapter 13 Urban Patterns • Key Issue 3: Why Are Urban Areas Expanding?• • Suburban Expansion• The Peripheral Model• • • Defining Urban Settlements • Legal Definition of City• • Urban Area• urbanized area• urban cluster• • Metropolitan Statistical Area• • • micropolitan statistical areas• core based statistical areas• primary census statistical areas• Overlapping Metropolitan Areas 6 Chapter 13 Urban Patterns • • • Figure 13-28• Local Government Fragmentation• • Consolidations of city and county governments • Federations• Annexation• • Density Gradient• • Cost of Suburban Sprawl• • • • smart growth• Figure 13-32• Segregation in the Suburbs• • Segregated social classes• Segregated land uses 7 Chapter 13 Urban Patterns • Residential Segregation• • • Suburbanization of Businesses• • Suburbanization of Consumer Services• • Figure 13-34 • Suburbanization of Business Services and Factories• • • Urban Transportation • • Moter Vehicles• • Controlling Vehicles • • congestion charges • tolls• permits• bans 8 Chapter 13 Urban Patterns • • Public Transit • Public Transit in the United States • • • Rapid Transit • • • Public Transit in Other Countries • • Advantages of Public Transit • • The Cars of the Future• Diesel• Hybrid• Ethanol• Full Electric• Plug-In Hybrid• Hydrogen Fuel Cell• Regional Variations in Electricity • 9 Chapter 13 Urban Patterns • Figure 13-41Key Issue 4: Why Do Cities Face Challenges• • Changing Urban Physical Geography• The Process of Deterioration • Filtering• • Redlining• Public Housing • • Gentrification• • • • Changing Urban Social Geography • Underclass• • • Culture of Poverty• • 10 Chapter 13 Urban Patterns • Suburban Stress • Figure 13-45• Figure 13-46 • Urban Economic Geography Challenges• The Eroding Tax Base• Reduce services• Raise tax revenues • • The Impact of the Recession • • Figure 13-47• Reviving Consumer Services in the CBD • •

Key Issue 1: Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?

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