<p> RNA and Protein Synthesis Guided Notes</p><p> ______is responsible for controlling the production of ______in the cell, which is essential to life!</p><p> o DNARNAProteins</p><p> ______contain several thousand ______, each with directions to make one ______</p><p>Where are Proteins Produced?</p><p> Proteins are produced on ______!</p><p> Found in two places:</p><p> o Free floating in ______</p><p> o Attached to ______</p><p> How does information needed to build a protein gets delivered from the DNA to the ribosomes? </p><p> o With the help of ______in a process called ______</p><p>What is RNA?</p><p> RNA stands for ______</p><p> One subunit is called a ______</p><p> o 1 5-carbon ______(ribose)</p><p> o 1 ______group</p><p> o 1 nitrogenous ______</p><p> Three types of RNA: ______</p><p>A Closer Look at mRNA  How is mRNA different from DNA?</p><p> o ______stranded</p><p> o ______and able to leave the ______</p><p> o The sugar is ______</p><p> o There is a different base</p><p>. ______(U) takes the place of ______(T)</p><p> The job of mRNA is to take directions for one gene and transport it to a ______in the ______.</p><p> o This is so a cell can begin assembling ______, the building blocks of ______!</p><p> o It’s sending a ______on how to do the job!</p><p>Protein Synthesis</p><p> Protein synthesis is a two stage process: ______</p><p> o A ______molecule (mRNA) carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes</p><p>. DNA ______leave the nucleus; ______can!</p><p>. ______makes it possible for ______to be assembled by ______outside the nucleus</p><p>Protein Synthesis: Transcription</p><p> Transcription is when ______is turned to ______</p><p> Happens when ______need to be made in the ______</p><p> Since DNA CANNOT leave the ______, it is ______into RNA (DNARNA)</p><p> o Transcribe: ______(copy in the same nucleic acid language, but only what is needed!)</p><p> How does it happen?</p><p>1) After an ______targets the portion of the DNA that should be copied (______), the sections of DNA (______) will temporarily ______to allow mRNA to ______(copy). This will continue until an enzyme signals “the end”</p><p>2) mRNA leaves the ______, travels into the ______and attaches to a ______3) The “message” from DNA can now be translated to make a ______</p><p> Transcribing DNA to mRNA is very easy if you remember these complementary pairs!</p><p> o ______(in RNA) will attach to a ______(in DNA)</p><p> o ______(in RNA) will attach to a ______(in DNA)</p><p> o ______(in RNA) will attach to a ______(in DNA)</p><p> o ______(in RNA) will attach to a ______(in DNA)</p><p> Try it!</p><p> o A piece of DNA reads: T A G C A T T C C G A U Transcribe to mRNA: ______o 1 side of DNA reads: A A G C G T A T C C C G </p><p>Transcribe to mRNA: ______</p><p>Protein Synthesis: Translation</p><p> Translation The process in which ______is used as a ______to form chains of ______(RNAàProtein) o Amino acids linked together form a ______</p><p> o Translate: To change a sentence from one language (______) to another (______)  Every 3 letters on an mRNA chain = ______</p><p> Each codon (3 DNA letters) = 1 ______</p><p> Given the ______, we can read a ______chart to translate it into amino the amino acid it codes for!</p><p> o Remember, 1 word in nucleic acid language is a ______(three nucleotides)</p><p> Translation occurs in a ______in ALL cells  Uses all three forms of RNA (______)  DNA is not directly used!</p><p>Steps of Translation</p><p>1) The mRNA leaves the ______and lands on a ______(rRNA) 2) ______(with correct anticodon) lands on the ribosome opposite a ______on the mRNA 3) The tRNA leaves the ribosome, but the ______that it coded for stays on the ribosome to wait for next codon to be read 4) The ______moves to the next ______bringing in another ______to the growing protein chain</p><p> The amino acid chain will ALWAYS begin with the “______”- AUG</p><p> The tRNA will continue to add amino acids until it reaches a “______” (UAA, UAG, UGA)</p><p> When it reaches a stop codon, then a complete ______has been built! The protein ______from the ribosome. Let’s Practice!</p><p> Given the strand of DNA ATC</p><p> o What would it’s complementary DNA strand read? ______</p><p> o Now, transcribe the DNA to mRNA ______</p><p> o What amino acid does the codon code for? (use chart) ______</p><p> o What would the anticodon on tRNA read? ______</p><p> Given the strand of DNA TGA</p><p> o What would it’s complementary DNA strand read? ______</p><p> o Now, transcribe the DNA to mRNA ______</p><p> o What amino acid does the codon code for? (use chart) ______</p><p> o What would the anticodon on tRNA read? ______Mutations</p><p> Changes to DNA are called ______</p><p> o Change the ______</p><p> o Change the ______</p><p> o May change ______</p><p> o May change ______</p><p>Types of Mutations</p><p> Changes to the letters (ATGC bases) in DNA!</p><p> Point mutation change to ______letter in the DNA!</p><p> o May (or may not) cause a change to protein</p><p> Frame shift mutation addition of a ______letter; or deletion of a letter!</p><p> o Both of these ______DNA so it changes how the codons are read</p><p> o Big changes to protein</p><p>Point Mutations</p><p>Missense mutation = ______(Ex. Sickle Cell Anemia)</p><p>Silent mutation= ______</p><p>Nonsense mutation=______</p><p>Frameshift Mutations</p><p> ______or ______one or more bases</p><p> o Change the meaning of the whole protein!  Addition ______</p><p> Deletion______</p>