RNA and Protein Synthesis Guided Notes

 ______is responsible for controlling the production of ______in the cell, which is essential to life!

o DNARNAProteins

 ______contain several thousand ______, each with directions to make one ______

Where are Proteins Produced?

 Proteins are produced on ______!

 Found in two places:

o Free floating in ______

o Attached to ______

 How does information needed to build a protein gets delivered from the DNA to the ribosomes?

o With the help of ______in a process called ______

What is RNA?

 RNA stands for ______

 One subunit is called a ______

o 1 5-carbon ______(ribose)

o 1 ______group

o 1 nitrogenous ______

 Three types of RNA: ______

A Closer Look at mRNA  How is mRNA different from DNA?

o ______stranded

o ______and able to leave the ______

o The sugar is ______

o There is a different base

. ______(U) takes the place of ______(T)

 The job of mRNA is to take directions for one gene and transport it to a ______in the ______.

o This is so a cell can begin assembling ______, the building blocks of ______!

o It’s sending a ______on how to do the job!

Protein Synthesis

 Protein synthesis is a two stage process: ______

o A ______molecule (mRNA) carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes

. DNA ______leave the nucleus; ______can!

. ______makes it possible for ______to be assembled by ______outside the nucleus

Protein Synthesis: Transcription

 Transcription is when ______is turned to ______

 Happens when ______need to be made in the ______

 Since DNA CANNOT leave the ______, it is ______into RNA (DNARNA)

o Transcribe: ______(copy in the same nucleic acid language, but only what is needed!)

 How does it happen?

1) After an ______targets the portion of the DNA that should be copied (______), the sections of DNA (______) will temporarily ______to allow mRNA to ______(copy). This will continue until an enzyme signals “the end”

2) mRNA leaves the ______, travels into the ______and attaches to a ______3) The “message” from DNA can now be translated to make a ______

 Transcribing DNA to mRNA is very easy if you remember these complementary pairs!

o ______(in RNA) will attach to a ______(in DNA)

 Try it!

o A piece of DNA reads: T A G C A T T C C G A U Transcribe to mRNA: ______o 1 side of DNA reads: A A G C G T A T C C C G

Transcribe to mRNA: ______

Protein Synthesis: Translation

 Translation The process in which ______is used as a ______to form chains of ______(RNAàProtein) o Amino acids linked together form a ______

o Translate: To change a sentence from one language (______) to another (______)  Every 3 letters on an mRNA chain = ______

 Each codon (3 DNA letters) = 1 ______

 Given the ______, we can read a ______chart to translate it into amino the amino acid it codes for!

o Remember, 1 word in nucleic acid language is a ______(three nucleotides)

 Translation occurs in a ______in ALL cells  Uses all three forms of RNA (______)  DNA is not directly used!

Steps of Translation

1) The mRNA leaves the ______and lands on a ______(rRNA) 2) ______(with correct anticodon) lands on the ribosome opposite a ______on the mRNA 3) The tRNA leaves the ribosome, but the ______that it coded for stays on the ribosome to wait for next codon to be read 4) The ______moves to the next ______bringing in another ______to the growing protein chain

 The amino acid chain will ALWAYS begin with the “______”- AUG

 The tRNA will continue to add amino acids until it reaches a “______” (UAA, UAG, UGA)

 When it reaches a stop codon, then a complete ______has been built! The protein ______from the ribosome. Let’s Practice!

 Given the strand of DNA ATC

o What would it’s complementary DNA strand read? ______

o Now, transcribe the DNA to mRNA ______

o What amino acid does the codon code for? (use chart) ______

o What would the anticodon on tRNA read? ______

 Given the strand of DNA TGA

o What would it’s complementary DNA strand read? ______

o Now, transcribe the DNA to mRNA ______

o What amino acid does the codon code for? (use chart) ______

o What would the anticodon on tRNA read? ______Mutations

 Changes to DNA are called ______

o Change the ______

o May change ______

Types of Mutations

 Changes to the letters (ATGC bases) in DNA!

 Point mutation change to ______letter in the DNA!

o May (or may not) cause a change to protein

 Frame shift mutation addition of a ______letter; or deletion of a letter!

o Both of these ______DNA so it changes how the codons are read

o Big changes to protein

Point Mutations

Missense mutation = ______(Ex. Sickle Cell Anemia)

Silent mutation= ______

Nonsense mutation=______

Frameshift Mutations

 ______or ______one or more bases

o Change the meaning of the whole protein!  Addition ______

 Deletion______