Notes Introduction 1. Schlesinger, A. ‘Origins of the Cold War’, pp. 22–52. 2. Gaddis, J. L. (1997) We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Clarendon), p. 292. 3. Feis, H. (1970) From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War, 1945–50 (London: Blond), p. 5. 4. Woods, R. and Jones, H. (1991) The Dawning of the Cold War (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press), p. xii. 5. Ulam, A. (1973) Expansion and Coexistence (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston), pp. 12–30. 6. Schlesinger, ‘Origins of the Cold War’, pp. 22–52. 7. Gardner, L. (1970) Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy (Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books), p. 319. Horowitz argues that con- tainment policies are to be understood as policies for containing social revolution rather than as national expansion. See Horowitz, D. (ed.) (1967) Containment and Revolution: Western Policy Towards Social Revolution: 1917 to Vietnam (London: Blond), p. 53. 8. Williams, W. A. (1968) The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, rev. edn (New York: Norton), p. 15. 9. Lundestad, G. (1978) The American Non-Policy Towards Eastern Europe 1943– 1947 (Tromsö, Oslo and Bergen: Universiteitsforlaget), p. 424. 10. Kolko, G. (1990) Politics of War (New York: Pantheon), pp. 621–2. 11. Kolko, G. and Kolko, J. (1972) The Limits of Power: The World and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1945–1954 (New York: Harper and Row), p. 709. 12. Paterson, T. (1973) Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press), pp. 262–4. 13. Maddox, R. J. (1973) The New Left and the Origins of the Cold War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), p. 4. 14. Kennan, G. (1954) Realities of American Foreign Policy (Princeton, NJ: Prince- ton University Press), p. 65. 15. Halle, L. (1967) The Cold War as History (New York: Harper and Row), pp. 2–9. 16. Tucker, R. (1971) The Radical Left and American Foreign Policy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press), p. 98. 17. Walker, S. J. (1981) ‘Historians and Cold War Origins: The New Consensus’, in Haines, G. and Walker, S. J. (eds), American Foreign Relations: A Historio- graphical Review (London: Pinter), pp. 207–36. 18. Leffler, M. (1994) ‘National Security and US Foreign Policy’, in Painter, D. S. and Leffler, M. (eds), Origins of the Cold War: An International History (London: Routledge), pp. 15–41. 183 184 Notes 19. Wolhforth, W. (1993) The Elusive Balance (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press), pp. 85, 92–4. 20. Gaddis, J. L. (1972) The United States and the Origins of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 357–8. 21. Yergin, D. (1990) Shattered Peace, rev. edn (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books), pp. 6–7. 22. Pollard, R. (1985) Economic Security and the Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1950 (New York: Columbia University Press), p. 244. 23. Gaddis, J. L. (1983) ‘The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War’, Diplomatic History 7 (Summer), p. 187. 24. Ibid., pp. 188–9. 25. Eisenberg, C. (1996) Drawing the Line: The American Decision to Divide Germany, 1944–1949 (New York: Cambridge University Press), p. 493. 26. Trachtenberg, M. (1999) A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), p. 7. 27. Ibid., pp. 13, 35–41. 28. See McAllister, J. (2002) No Exit: America and the German Problem, 1943–1954 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press). 29. Jackson, P. (2006) Civilizing the Enemy: German Reconstruction and the Invention of the West (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press), pp. 112–14. 30. Leffler, M. (1996) The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War, Occasional Paper no. 16, German Historical Institute (Washington, DC: German Historical Institute), p. 76. 31. Kennedy-Pipe, C. (1995) Stalin’s Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943 to 1956 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 192. 32. Naimark, N. (1995) The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 (Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press), p. 466. 33. Loth, W. (1996) ‘Stalin’s Plans for Post-War Germany’, in Gori, F. and Pons, S. (eds), The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War 1943–53 (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 33. 34. Deighton, A. (1990) The Impossible Peace: Britain, the Division of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford: Clarendon), pp. 233–4. 35. Wight, M. (1991) International Theory (London: Leicester University Press), pp. 7–8. 36. Ibid., p. 260. 37. Bull, H. (1995) The Anarchical Society (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press), pp. 26–7. 38. Ibid., p. 13. 39. Ibid., p. 17. 40. See Bull, H. The Anarchical Society. Also, Jackson, R. (2000) The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press). 41. Vincent, R. J. (1986) Human Rights and International Relations: Issues and Responses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 126. See also Vincent, R. J. (1974) Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). Notes 185 1 The Practical Association Framework During World War Two 1. Evans, G. and Newnham, J. (eds) (1998) Penguin Dictionary of International Relations (London: Penguin Books), p. 382. 2. Oakeshott, M. (1991) On Human Conduct (Oxford: Clarendon Press), p. 201. 3. Nardin, T. (1983) Law, Morality and the Relations of States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), p. 19. 4. Ibid., p. 24. 5. Ruotsila, M. (2001) British and American Anticommunism before the Cold War (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass), p. xiii. 6. Davies, J. (1942) Mission to Moscow (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.), p. 27. 7. Roosevelt to Stimson, 28 December 1941, FRUS 1941, Vol. I, p. 865. 8. Blum, J. M. (1965) From the Morgenthau Diaries Vol. III: Years of War 1941– 1945 (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin), p. 81. 9. Roosevelt–Stalin meeting, 28 November 1943, Teheran Conference. Bohlen minutes. FRUS 1943, Conferences at Cairo and Teheran 1943, pp. 482–6. 10. Roosevelt–Stalin meeting, 29 November 1943, Teheran Conference. Bohlen minutes. FRUS 1943, Conferences at Cairo and Teheran 1943, pp. 529–33. 11. Overy, R. (1995) The Dictators: Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia (London: Pimlico), p. 636. 12. Bullock, A. (1965) Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (Harmondsworth, Middx: Pelican Books Ltd.), pp. 774–5. 13. Joint declaration Churchill–Roosevelt, 8 November 1941, Department of State Bulletin (1941) (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office). 14. Varga, E. (1946) Izmeneniya v ekonomike kapitalizma v itoge vtoroi mirovoi voiny (Changes in the Economy of Capitalism as a Result of the Second World War) (Moscow: Gospolitizdat). 15. Lippmann, W. (1944) The Good Society (London: Allen and Unwin), pp. 3–4. 16. Stephanson, A. (1989) Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press), pp. 228–9. 17. Hayek, F. A. (1944) The Road to Serfdom (London: Routledge), p. 18. Hayek would later state that the mood of Western intellectual leaders (confronted with an altogether different system) had long been characterised by disillu- sionment with the principles derived, according to Hayek, from the idea of ‘freedom’, and an exclusive concern with the creation of ‘better worlds’. See Hayek, F. A. (2006) The Constitution of Liberty (London: Routledge), pp. 1–2. 18. Hayek (1944) The Road to Serfdom, p. 135. 19. Laski, H. (1951) An Introduction to Politics,rev.edn(London:Allenand UnwinLtd.),p.29. 20. Reisman, D. (ed.) (1996) Democratic Socialism in Britain: Classic Texts in Eco- nomic and Political Thought 1825–1952, Volume 7, Cole, G. D. H. (1996) Principles of Economic Planning (London: Pickering & Chatto), p. 407. 21. Tripartite Pact between Italy and Japan, 27 September 1940. http://www. yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/triparti.htm date accessed 14 June 2006. 22. Roosevelt to Churchill, 25 November 1942, FRUS, 1941–43, The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943, p. 489. 186 Notes 23. Roosevelt to Churchill, 2 December 1942, FRUS, 1941–43, The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943, p. 494. 24. Document No. 84, Unsigned cable (but Stalin’s) to Molotov, 1 June 1942 in Rzheshevsky, O. A. (ed.) (1997) Voina i Diplomatia: Dokumentiy, Kommentarii (1941–1942) (Moscow: Nauka), p. 192. 25. Joint Four Power Declaration, Moscow Conference, 19–30 October 1943. http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1943/431000a.html date accessed 23 May 2006. 26. Meeting of the CCS, Cairo, 22 November 1943. FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Teheran 1943, pp. 304–7. 27. Stoler, M. and Gustafson, M. (eds) (2003) Major Problems in the History of World War Two (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin), pp. 88–9. 28. Casablanca Declaration, 12 February 1943. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/ avalon/wwii/casablan.htm date accessed 2 April 2006. 29. Meeting of the JCS with Roosevelt, 7 January 1943, FRUS 1943, The Casablanca Conference, p. 506. 30. Balfour, M. (1970) ‘Another Look at “Unconditional Surrender” ’, International Affairs 46, no. 4, p. 728. 31. Rothfels, H. (1961) The German Opposition to Hitler: An Appraisal, translated by Lawrence Wilson (London: Oswald Wolff Publishers Ltd.), pp. 151–2. 32. Bassett, R. (2005) Hitler’s Chief Spy: The Wilhelm Canaris Mystery (London: Cassell), pp. 251–4. 33. Kennedy-Pipe, C. (1995) Stalin’s Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943 to 1956 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 64–5. 34. Operation Unthinkable: ‘Russia: Threat to Western Civilization,’ British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Draft and Final Reports: 22 May, 8 June and 11 July 1945, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040/002. 35. Orgill, D. (1967) The Gothic Line: The Autumn Campaign in Italy 1944 (London: Heinemann), p.