<p>Chapter 6 Review Name:</p><p>1. Functions of the skeletal system</p><p> a. What does the skeletal system consist of?</p><p> b. What are the skeletal systems functions?</p><p>2. Cartilage</p><p> a. ______produce cartilage and become ______trapped within ______and surrounded by ______</p><p> b. Matrix contains ______for strength, and ______to trap water.</p><p> c. The ______surrounds the cartilage.</p><p> d. It grows by both ______and ______growth.</p><p>3. Bone Histology</p><p> a. Bone matrix</p><p> a.i. ______provides flexible support</p><p> a.ii. ______provides compressional strength</p><p> b. Bone Cells</p><p> b.i. ______produce bone matrix and become ______trapped within ______and surrounded by ______</p><p> b.ii. Osteocytes are connected to each other through ______</p><p> b.iii. ______break down bone, with assistance from ______</p><p> b.iv. Ossification occurs through ______growth</p><p> c. Woven and lamellar bone</p><p> c.i. Woven bone has ______fibers oriented in many directions, and is remodeled to form ______bone</p><p> c.ii. Lamellar bone is arranged in layers called ______, which have collagen fibers oriented ______to one another.</p><p> d. Spongy and compact bone</p><p> d.i. ______bone has many spaces Chapter 6 Review Name:</p><p> d.i.1. Lamellae combine to form ______, with spaces that contain ______and ______</p><p> d.i.2. How are trabeculae oriented?</p><p> d.ii. ______bone is dense with few spaces.</p><p> d.ii.1. ______lamellae form the outer surface; ______lamellae form the rings within an osteon; ______lamella are leftovers following remodeling.</p><p> d.ii.2. ______carry blood vessels to central canals, and ______connect central canals to ______within lacunae </p><p>4. Bone Anatomy</p><p> a. Bone shapes. </p><p> a.i. List the four classifications</p><p> b. Structure of a long bone</p><p> b.i. The ______is the shaft</p><p> b.ii. The ______is the site of elongation</p><p> b.iii. The ______is a space within the diaphysis</p><p> b.iv. ______marrow is the site of blood cell production, and ______marrow consists of fat</p><p> b.v. The ______is the membrane that covers the outside of bone and consists of 2 layers</p><p> b.v.1. Outer layer contains ______and ______</p><p> b.v.2. Inner layer contains ______, ______, and ______</p><p> b.v.3. ______hold the periosteum, ligaments, and tendons in place.</p><p> b.vi. The ______lines the cavity inside the bone and contains ______, ______, and ______Chapter 6 Review Name:</p><p>5. Bone Development</p><p> a. Intramembranous ossification</p><p> a.i. Who: Some ______bones, part of the ______, and the diaphyses of the ______</p><p> a.ii. Where: Begins at ______of osscification, where ______produce ______bone along membrane fibers</p><p> a.iii. Beneath the periosteum, osteoblasts lay down ______to form the outer surface of bone</p><p> a.iv. ______are areas of membrane that are not ossified at birth</p><p> b. Endochondral ossification</p><p> b.i. Most bones develop from a ______model</p><p> b.ii. The cartilage matrix is ______, and the hypertrophic chondrocytes die. ______form bone on the ______cartilage matrix, producing ______bone.</p><p> b.iii. Osteoblasts build an outer surface of ______bone beneath the periosteum</p><p> b.iv. Primary ossification centers form in the ______during fetal development. Secondary ossification occurs in the ______</p><p> b.v. ______cartilage on the ends of bones and the ______does not ossify.</p><p>6. Bone growth</p><p> a. Bone increases size only by ______growth</p><p> b. Trabeculae grow by ______growth</p><p> c. Growth in bone length</p><p> c.i. Epiphyseal plate growth involves the ______growth of cartilage followed by the ______growth on the cartilage</p><p> c.ii. Epiphyseal plate growth results in increased ______of the diaphysis and bony processes Chapter 6 Review Name:</p><p> c.iii. Bone growth in length ceases when the ______becomes ______and forms the ______</p><p> d. Growth at articular cartilage</p><p> d.i. Involves the ______growth of the cartilage, followed by the ______bone growth on the cartilage</p><p> d.ii. Results in larger ______and in increase in the size of bones that do not have ______</p><p> e. Growth in bone width</p><p> e.i. ______bone growth beneath the ______increases bone diameter</p><p> e.ii. ______from the periosteum form ______with concentric lamellae</p><p> e.iii. Osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down ______, which can be remodeled</p><p> f. Factors affecting bone growth</p><p> f.i. ______factors, from parents, determine bone shape and size</p><p> f.ii. Deficiencies in vitamins ______and ______can alter the mineralization or collagen production processes</p><p> f.iii. ______hormone, ______hormone, and the sex hormones ______and ______can stimulate bone growth</p><p> f.iv. ______and ______increase bone growth AND stimulate the ossification of the epiphyseal plates</p><p>7. Bone Remodeling</p><p> a. Converts ______bone to ______bone</p><p> b. Allows bone to change ______, adjust to ______, ______itself, and regulate ______levels.</p><p> c. How does bone adjust to stress?</p><p>8. Bone repair</p><p> a. Fracture repair begins with ______Chapter 6 Review Name:</p><p> b. The hematoma is replaced by an ______consisting of ______and ______</p><p> c. The external callus is a bone-cartilage collar that ______</p><p> d. The internal and external calluses are ossified to become ______</p><p> e. The woven bone is replace by ______</p><p>9. Calcium homeostasis</p><p> a. ______increases blood Ca++ by increasing ______, Ca++ absorption from the ______, and reabsorption of Ca++ from the ______. ______decreases blood Ca++ by decreasing ______</p><p>10. Effects of aging on the skeletal system</p><p> a. ______is lost and becomes more ______</p><p> b. Spongy bone loss results from the thinning and loss of ______. Compact bone loss mainly comes from the inner surface and involves formation of fewer ______</p><p> c. Bone loss increases the risk of ______, and causes ______, loss of ______, ______, ______, and loss of ______.</p><p> d. ______and ______are effective at preventing bone loss.</p>