Chapter 6 Review Name

Chapter 6 Review Name:

1. Functions of the skeletal system

a. What does the skeletal system consist of?

b. What are the skeletal systems functions?

2. Cartilage

a. ______produce cartilage and become ______trapped within ______and surrounded by ______

b. Matrix contains ______for strength, and ______to trap water.

c. The ______surrounds the cartilage.

d. It grows by both ______and ______growth.

3. Bone Histology

a. Bone matrix

a.i. ______provides flexible support

a.ii. ______provides compressional strength

b. Bone Cells

b.i. ______produce bone matrix and become ______trapped within ______and surrounded by ______

b.ii. Osteocytes are connected to each other through ______

b.iii. ______break down bone, with assistance from ______

b.iv. Ossification occurs through ______growth

c. Woven and lamellar bone

c.i. Woven bone has ______fibers oriented in many directions, and is remodeled to form ______bone

c.ii. Lamellar bone is arranged in layers called ______, which have collagen fibers oriented ______to one another.

d. Spongy and compact bone

d.i. ______bone has many spaces Chapter 6 Review Name:

d.i.1. Lamellae combine to form ______, with spaces that contain ______and ______

d.i.2. How are trabeculae oriented?

d.ii. ______bone is dense with few spaces.

d.ii.1. ______lamellae form the outer surface; ______lamellae form the rings within an osteon; ______lamella are leftovers following remodeling.

d.ii.2. ______carry blood vessels to central canals, and ______connect central canals to ______within lacunae

4. Bone Anatomy

a. Bone shapes.

a.i. List the four classifications

b. Structure of a long bone

b.i. The ______is the shaft

b.ii. The ______is the site of elongation

b.iii. The ______is a space within the diaphysis

b.iv. ______marrow is the site of blood cell production, and ______marrow consists of fat

b.v. The ______is the membrane that covers the outside of bone and consists of 2 layers

b.v.1. Outer layer contains ______and ______

b.v.2. Inner layer contains ______, ______, and ______

b.v.3. ______hold the periosteum, ligaments, and tendons in place.

b.vi. The ______lines the cavity inside the bone and contains ______, ______, and ______Chapter 6 Review Name:

5. Bone Development

a. Intramembranous ossification

a.i. Who: Some ______bones, part of the ______, and the diaphyses of the ______

a.ii. Where: Begins at ______of osscification, where ______produce ______bone along membrane fibers

a.iii. Beneath the periosteum, osteoblasts lay down ______to form the outer surface of bone

a.iv. ______are areas of membrane that are not ossified at birth

b. Endochondral ossification

b.i. Most bones develop from a ______model

b.ii. The cartilage matrix is ______, and the hypertrophic chondrocytes die. ______form bone on the ______cartilage matrix, producing ______bone.

b.iii. Osteoblasts build an outer surface of ______bone beneath the periosteum

b.iv. Primary ossification centers form in the ______during fetal development. Secondary ossification occurs in the ______

b.v. ______cartilage on the ends of bones and the ______does not ossify.

6. Bone growth

a. Bone increases size only by ______growth

b. Trabeculae grow by ______growth

c. Growth in bone length

c.i. Epiphyseal plate growth involves the ______growth of cartilage followed by the ______growth on the cartilage

c.ii. Epiphyseal plate growth results in increased ______of the diaphysis and bony processes Chapter 6 Review Name:

c.iii. Bone growth in length ceases when the ______becomes ______and forms the ______

d. Growth at articular cartilage

d.i. Involves the ______growth of the cartilage, followed by the ______bone growth on the cartilage

d.ii. Results in larger ______and in increase in the size of bones that do not have ______

e. Growth in bone width

e.i. ______bone growth beneath the ______increases bone diameter

e.ii. ______from the periosteum form ______with concentric lamellae

e.iii. Osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down ______, which can be remodeled

f. Factors affecting bone growth

f.i. ______factors, from parents, determine bone shape and size

f.ii. Deficiencies in vitamins ______and ______can alter the mineralization or collagen production processes

f.iii. ______hormone, ______hormone, and the sex hormones ______and ______can stimulate bone growth

f.iv. ______and ______increase bone growth AND stimulate the ossification of the epiphyseal plates

7. Bone Remodeling

a. Converts ______bone to ______bone

b. Allows bone to change ______, adjust to ______, ______itself, and regulate ______levels.

c. How does bone adjust to stress?

8. Bone repair

a. Fracture repair begins with ______Chapter 6 Review Name:

b. The hematoma is replaced by an ______consisting of ______and ______

c. The external callus is a bone-cartilage collar that ______

d. The internal and external calluses are ossified to become ______

e. The woven bone is replace by ______

9. Calcium homeostasis

a. ______increases blood Ca++ by increasing ______, Ca++ absorption from the ______, and reabsorption of Ca++ from the ______. ______decreases blood Ca++ by decreasing ______

10. Effects of aging on the skeletal system

a. ______is lost and becomes more ______

b. Spongy bone loss results from the thinning and loss of ______. Compact bone loss mainly comes from the inner surface and involves formation of fewer ______

c. Bone loss increases the risk of ______, and causes ______, loss of ______, ______, ______, and loss of ______.

d. ______and ______are effective at preventing bone loss.