<p>17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics </p><p>Composition of the Atmosphere</p><p>Weather ______, and it refers to the ______of the atmosphere at any given time and place. ______, however, is based on ______of weather that have been collected over ______. Climate helps describe a ______or ______.</p><p>Weather is constantly changing, and it refers to the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place.</p><p>The most important measurable properties of weather and climate are:</p><p>1.</p><p>2.</p><p>3.</p><p>4.</p><p>5.</p><p>Major Components</p><p>Air is a mixture of different ______and ______, each with its own ______properties.</p><p>Know the major components, and their percentages.</p><p>Nitrogen=______, Oxygen=______, Argon= ______</p><p>______=.039%....but VERY Important! </p><p>Ozone=very small %...... but VERY Important! Variable Components</p><p>______is the source of all ______and ______. Like carbon dioxide, water vapor ______heat given off by Earth. It also absorbs some ______.</p><p>______is a form of oxygen that combines ______oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3).</p><p>If ozone did not filter most UV radiation and all of the sun’s UV rays reached the surface of Earth, our planet would be ______for many living organisms.</p><p>Human Influence</p><p>Emissions from ______account for nearly ______the primary pollutants by weight.</p><p>Where do the other pollutants come from?</p><p>Height and Structure of the Atmosphere</p><p>The ______rapidly ______as you travel away from Earth until there are too ______gas molecules to detect.</p><p>Pressure Changes</p><p>Atmospheric pressure is simply the ______of the ______above.</p><p>Temperature Changes</p><p>The atmosphere can be divided ______into ______layers based on ______.</p><p>The ______is the bottom layer of the atmosphere where temperature ______with an increase in ______.</p><p>The ______is the layer of the atmosphere where temperature ______to a height of about 20 kilometers. It then begins a gradual increase until the ______. </p><p>The ______is the layer of the atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere and is characterized by ______temperatures with height.</p><p>The ______is the region of the atmosphere immediately above the mesosphere and is characterized by ______temperatures due to the ______of very short-wave solar energy by oxygen. Earth-Sun Relationships</p><p>Earth’s Motions</p><p>Earth has ______principal motions—______and ______.</p><p>Earth’s Orientation</p><p>Seasonal changes occur because ______relative to the sun continually ______as it travels along its orbit.</p><p>Solstices and Equinoxes</p><p>The summer solstice is the solstice that occurs on ______21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and is the “official” first day of ______.</p><p>The winter solstice is the solstice that occurs on ______21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and is the “official” first day of ______.</p><p>The autumnal equinox is the equinox that occurs on ______22 or 23 in the Northern Hemisphere.</p><p>The spring equinox is the equinox that occurs on ______21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere.</p><p>Length of Daylight</p><p>The length of ______compared to the length of ______also is determined by Earth’s ______in orbit.</p><p>17.2 Heating the Atmosphere</p><p>Energy Transfer as Heat ______is the ______transferred from one object to another because of a difference in the objects’ ______.</p><p>______is a measure of the average ______of the individual atoms or molecules in a substance.</p><p>Three mechanisms of energy transfer as heat are:</p><p>1.)</p><p>2.)</p><p>3.)</p><p>Conduction</p><p>Conduction is the ______of ______through matter by ______.</p><p>One object is ______another object.</p><p>For the atmosphere, conduction is the ______important method of heat transfer.</p><p>Convection</p><p>Convection is the transfer of heat by ______or ______within a substance.</p><p>Takes place mostly in ______like air or water</p><p>Can happen in solids that act like fluids (ex: ______)</p><p>Radiation</p><p>Before we discuss radiation, let’s look at the electromagnetic spectrum. </p><p>Radiation is the transfer of energy (heat) through ______by ______that travel out in all directions.</p><p>Unlike conduction and convection, which need material to travel through, ______can travel through the vacuum of ______.</p><p>______objects, at any temperature, emit ______.</p><p>______objects radiate ______total energy per unit area than ______objects do.</p><p>The ______radiating bodies produce the ______wavelengths of maximum radiation.</p><p>Objects that are good ______of radiation are good ______as well.</p><p>What Happens to Solar Radiation?</p><p>When radiation strikes an object, there usually are three different results.</p><p>1. Some energy is ______by the object.</p><p>2. Substances such as water and air are ______to certain wavelengths of radiation.</p><p>(In other words, it ______the object).</p><p>3. Some radiation may ______the object without being absorbed or transmitted. Reflection and Scattering</p><p>______occurs when light bounces off an object. Reflection radiation has the same ______as incident radiation (the first rays of the radiation).</p><p>______produces a larger number of ______rays that travel in different directions.</p><p>Small ______particles and ______in the atmosphere scatter some incoming radiation in all directions (this is why there is still light in the shade, and why the ______is ______). 17.3 Temperature Controls</p><p>Factors other than latitude that exert a strong influence on temperature include:</p><p>1.)</p><p>2.)</p><p>3.)</p><p>4.)</p><p>5.)</p><p>Why Temperatures Vary</p><p>Land and Water</p><p>Land ______more rapidly and to higher temperatures than ______. Land also ______more rapidly and to ______temperatures than water.</p><p>Geographic Position</p><p>The geographic setting can ______temperatures experienced at a ______.</p><p>For example, a ______can have a huge influence on the ______.</p><p>Altitude</p><p>The ______can greatly influence temperatures ______at a specific location.</p><p>Cloud Cover and Albedo </p><p>______is the fraction of total radiation that is ______by any surface. Many clouds have a high ______and therefore ______back to space a significant portion of the ______that strikes them.</p><p>World Distribution of Temperature</p><p>______are ______on a weather map that connect points where the ______is the same.</p><p>Isotherms generally trend ______and ______and show a ______in temperatures from the ______toward the ______. </p><p>Figure 20 on page 493</p>