17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics Composition of the Atmosphere
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17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Composition of the Atmosphere
Weather ______, and it refers to the ______of the atmosphere at any given time and place. ______, however, is based on ______of weather that have been collected over ______. Climate helps describe a ______or ______.
Weather is constantly changing, and it refers to the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place.
The most important measurable properties of weather and climate are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Major Components
Air is a mixture of different ______and ______, each with its own ______properties.
Know the major components, and their percentages.
Nitrogen=______, Oxygen=______, Argon= ______
______=.039%....but VERY Important!
Ozone=very small %...... but VERY Important! Variable Components
______is the source of all ______and ______. Like carbon dioxide, water vapor ______heat given off by Earth. It also absorbs some ______.
______is a form of oxygen that combines ______oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3).
If ozone did not filter most UV radiation and all of the sun’s UV rays reached the surface of Earth, our planet would be ______for many living organisms.
Human Influence
Emissions from ______account for nearly ______the primary pollutants by weight.
Where do the other pollutants come from?
Height and Structure of the Atmosphere
The ______rapidly ______as you travel away from Earth until there are too ______gas molecules to detect.
Pressure Changes
Atmospheric pressure is simply the ______of the ______above.
Temperature Changes
The atmosphere can be divided ______into ______layers based on ______.
The ______is the bottom layer of the atmosphere where temperature ______with an increase in ______.
The ______is the layer of the atmosphere where temperature ______to a height of about 20 kilometers. It then begins a gradual increase until the ______.
The ______is the layer of the atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere and is characterized by ______temperatures with height.
The ______is the region of the atmosphere immediately above the mesosphere and is characterized by ______temperatures due to the ______of very short-wave solar energy by oxygen. Earth-Sun Relationships
Earth’s Motions
Earth has ______principal motions—______and ______.
Earth’s Orientation
Seasonal changes occur because ______relative to the sun continually ______as it travels along its orbit.
Solstices and Equinoxes
The summer solstice is the solstice that occurs on ______21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and is the “official” first day of ______.
The winter solstice is the solstice that occurs on ______21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and is the “official” first day of ______.
The autumnal equinox is the equinox that occurs on ______22 or 23 in the Northern Hemisphere.
The spring equinox is the equinox that occurs on ______21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere.
Length of Daylight
The length of ______compared to the length of ______also is determined by Earth’s ______in orbit.
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Energy Transfer as Heat ______is the ______transferred from one object to another because of a difference in the objects’ ______.
______is a measure of the average ______of the individual atoms or molecules in a substance.
Three mechanisms of energy transfer as heat are:
1.)
2.)
3.)
Conduction
Conduction is the ______of ______through matter by ______.
One object is ______another object.
For the atmosphere, conduction is the ______important method of heat transfer.
Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat by ______or ______within a substance.
Takes place mostly in ______like air or water
Can happen in solids that act like fluids (ex: ______)
Radiation
Before we discuss radiation, let’s look at the electromagnetic spectrum.
Radiation is the transfer of energy (heat) through ______by ______that travel out in all directions.
Unlike conduction and convection, which need material to travel through, ______can travel through the vacuum of ______.
______objects, at any temperature, emit ______.
______objects radiate ______total energy per unit area than ______objects do.
The ______radiating bodies produce the ______wavelengths of maximum radiation.
Objects that are good ______of radiation are good ______as well.
What Happens to Solar Radiation?
When radiation strikes an object, there usually are three different results.
1. Some energy is ______by the object.
2. Substances such as water and air are ______to certain wavelengths of radiation.
(In other words, it ______the object).
3. Some radiation may ______the object without being absorbed or transmitted. Reflection and Scattering
______occurs when light bounces off an object. Reflection radiation has the same ______as incident radiation (the first rays of the radiation).
______produces a larger number of ______rays that travel in different directions.
Small ______particles and ______in the atmosphere scatter some incoming radiation in all directions (this is why there is still light in the shade, and why the ______is ______). 17.3 Temperature Controls
Factors other than latitude that exert a strong influence on temperature include:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
Why Temperatures Vary
Land and Water
Land ______more rapidly and to higher temperatures than ______. Land also ______more rapidly and to ______temperatures than water.
Geographic Position
The geographic setting can ______temperatures experienced at a ______.
For example, a ______can have a huge influence on the ______.
Altitude
The ______can greatly influence temperatures ______at a specific location.
Cloud Cover and Albedo
______is the fraction of total radiation that is ______by any surface. Many clouds have a high ______and therefore ______back to space a significant portion of the ______that strikes them.
World Distribution of Temperature
______are ______on a weather map that connect points where the ______is the same.
Isotherms generally trend ______and ______and show a ______in temperatures from the ______toward the ______.
Figure 20 on page 493