Title: Judas Iscariot, Betrayal and Idolatry. Author: Richard John HARVEY. Previous Qualifications: MA (Theol), M Mgmt Ent. This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Newcastle. This thesis was submitted in October, 2016. i Statement of Originality. The thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to the final version of my thesis being made available worldwide when deposited in the University’s Digital Repository**, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. **Unless an Embargo has been approved for a determined period. Signed, Richard John HARVEY. ii Dedication. I would like to dedicate this thesis to my loving and supportive wife Libby and our children David and Cassie. Without their patience, this thesis would never have been completed. I also owe a great debt of gratitude to my excellent supervisor, the Reverend Dr Fergus King, who has been a model of humility and scholarship as I worked through my first full length thesis. Without his wisdom and willingness to challenge my reasoning, I am convinced that this thesis would have been much less valuable. I am also grateful to A/Prof Marguerite Johnson and Dr Alan Libert for their very helpful suggestions. iii Contents Statement of Originality. ................................................................................................................ ii Dedication. .................................................................................................................................... iii Abbreviations. ............................................................................................................................... xi Abstract. ...................................................................................................................................... xiii Section 1. ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction, problem statement, methodology. ........................................................................ 1 1.1. Perspectives on Judas Iscariot. .............................................................................................. 1 1.2. The figure of Judas in historical perspective. ......................................................................... 1 1.2.1. The New Testament. ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2.2. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. ................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2.1. Fragments of Papias. .................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2.2. Irenaeus of Lyons. ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2.3 . Tertullian. ................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.2.4 . The Constitutions of the Holy Apostles. .................................................................. 4 1.2.2.5 . Summary of the Fathers. ......................................................................................... 4 1.3. Modern approaches. .............................................................................................................. 4 1.3.1 Karl Barth 1888-1968. ...................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2. Hyam Maccoby 1924-2004. ............................................................................................ 6 1.3.3. Gary Greenberg 1943-. ................................................................................................... 6 1.3.4. William Klassen 1930-. .................................................................................................... 8 1.3.5. Hans-Josef Klauck 1946-. .............................................................................................. 10 1.3.6. Anthony Cane 1961-. .................................................................................................... 12 1.4 The statement of the problem. ........................................................................................... 16 1.5 Methodology. ........................................................................................................................ 17 1.6 Conclusion. ............................................................................................................................ 18 Section 2. ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Greek terminology. ..................................................................................................................... 19 2.1. Introduction. ........................................................................................................................ 19 Polysemy. .................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2. Paradi/dwmi. ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1. Handing over in Secular Greek. ......................................................................................... 21 iv 2.2.2. Handing over in Flavius Josephus. .................................................................................... 23 2.2.3. Handing over in the LXX. ................................................................................................... 26 God hands the nations over to Israel. Appendix 2.................................................................. 27 God hands Israel over to the nations. Appendix 3.................................................................. 29 Someone will not be handed over. Appendix 4. ..................................................................... 31 God hands the nations over to other nations. Appendix 5. ................................................... 32 Some/One of God’s people handed over. Appendix 6. .......................................................... 33 Other. Appendix 7. .................................................................................................................. 33 2.2.4. Handing over in the GNT. Appendix 8............................................................................... 34 God the subject, etc. ............................................................................................................... 35 Judas hands over Jesus. .......................................................................................................... 37 Handing over an inanimate object. ......................................................................................... 37 Jesus handed over for trial (Matt 26-27; Mark 14-15; Luke 22-23). ....................................... 38 Followers of Jesus and John the Baptist handed over. ........................................................... 39 Disobedient Christians, demons, handed over. ...................................................................... 40 Conclusion. .................................................................................................................................. 41 2.3. (Etai=roj. ............................................................................................................................ 42 2.3.1. Introduction. ..................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.2. (Etai=roj in the LXX: Samson. ........................................................................................ 43 Samson, his wife and his father-in-law. .................................................................................. 44 Samson and Israel. .................................................................................................................. 45 Samson and Delilah. ................................................................................................................ 46 Patterns in Samson’s life. ........................................................................................................ 47 2.3.3. Jonadab/Amnon. ............................................................................................................... 50 2.3.4. The dynamics between Hushai, David and Joab. .............................................................. 52 Hushai. .................................................................................................................................... 52 Joab. ........................................................................................................................................ 54 2.3.5. Ahithophel......................................................................................................................... 56 2.3.6. Summary of the LXX. ......................................................................................................... 57 2.3.7. ‘Friend’ in Josephus. .........................................................................................................