2010 International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies Volume 10, Number 2 Federal Aviation Administration International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies A Publication of the FAA Academy Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Volume 10, Number 2 2010 blank page REVIEW PROCESS The Federal Aviation Administration Academy provides traceability and oversight for each step of the International Journal of Applied Aviation Stud- ies (IJAAS). IJAAS is a peer-reviewed publication, enlisting the support of an international panel of consulting editors. Each consulting editor was chosen for his or her expertise in one or more areas of interest in aviation. Using the blind-review process, three or more consulting editors are selected to ap- praise each article, judging whether or not it meets the requirements of this publication. In addition to an overall appraisal, a Likert scale is used to mea- sure attitudes regarding individual segments of each article. Articles that are accepted are those that were approved by a majority of judges. Articles that do not meet IJAAS requirements for publication are released back to their author or authors. Individuals wishing to obtain a copy of the IJAAS on CD may contact Kay Chisholm by email at [email protected], or by telephone at (405) 954- 3264, or by writing to the following address: International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies Kay Chisholm AMA-800 PO Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125 POLICY AND DISCLAIMERS Policy Statement: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Academy strongly supports aca- demic freedom and a researcher’s right to publish; therefore, the Federal Aviation Administration Academy as an institution does not endorse the viewpoint or guarantee the technical correctness of any of the articles in this journal. Disclaimer of Liability: With respect to articles available in this journal, neither the United States Government nor the Federal Aviation Administration Academy nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Disclaimer of Endorsement: Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the Federal Aviation Administration Academy. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government or the Federal Aviation Administration, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. PUBLISHER Academy Superintendent (Acting) Sunny Lee-Fanning Deputy Superintendent (Acting) William J. Mumper PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Manager, Regulatory Standards Division David Long Manager, Technical Operations Training Division Jessie McMullen Manager, Air Traffic Division William J. Mumper Manager, Airports & International Training Division Sherry Reese EDITORIAL STAFF Managing Editor Kay Chisholm Associate Editor Deann King IJAAS Founding Editor and Research Consultant Todd P. Hubbard CONSULTING EDITORS International Ruwantissa I.R. Abeyratne ICAO, Montreal, Canada Alireza Ahmadi Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden Alan A. Baker CRC-ACS, Victoria , Australia Pierre R. Band Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Québec, Canada James Barker Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Simon Bennett Institute of Lifelong Learning, Leicester, UK Henk Blom National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Robert Bor Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Peter Brooker Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK Bryan Burke Macquaire University, Sydney, Australia Ing. F.J.L. Bussink National Aerospace Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Petr Cásek Honeywell International Advanced Technology Center, Czech Republic Michael B. Charles Southern Cross University, Tweed Heads, NSW Australia Klaus Christoffersen Acuite, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Desmond M. Connolly QinetiQ, Farnborough, Hampshire, UK Finian Connolly Executive & Professional Training Inst., Drogheda, Co Louth, Ireland Hugh David Eurocontrol, East Sussex, UK Sidney Dekker Linköping Institute of Technology, Linköping, Sweden David Denyer Cranfield University, Bedford, UK Teresa C. D’Oliveira ISPA, Lisbon, Portugal Robert van Doorn Universiteit Maastricht, The Netherlands Åsa Ek Lund University, Lund, Sweden Alois Farthofer Human Factors Research, St. Georgen, Austria Massimo Felici University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Rodney Fewings Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire UK Gerard J. Fogarty University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia Jarle Gimmestad Braathens Airlines, Fornebu, Norway Eric L. Groen TNO Defence, Soesterberg, The Netherlands Gael P. Hammer Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany Don Harris Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK Irene Henley University of Western Sidney, Sidney, Australia Ivonne A. Herrera SINTEF Technology & Society Safety Research, Trondheim, Norway Toshio Hirose Sendai Nishikicho Clinic & Occupational Health Center, Sendai, Japan Eef Hogervorst Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK Alexandra Holmes Clockwork Research Ltd., London, UK Hans-Jürgen Hörmann Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt (DLR), Hamburg, Germany Graham Hunt Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand Magnus Jacobssen Linköping Institute of Technology, Linköping, Sweden Milan Janic Delft University of Technology, Delft,The Netherlands Lynn M. Jeffrey Massey University Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Chris W. Johnson University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland K. Wolfgang Kallus Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria Michael John Kay RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Jörg Leonhardt Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH, Langen, Germany Dirk Lehmkuhl University of St. Gallenm, St.Gallen, Switzerland George Leloudas Gates and Partners Solicitors, London, UK Wen-Chin Li National Defense University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Zaira Marioli-Riga Hellenic Aerospace Industry S.A., Schimatari, Greece Monica Martinussen University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway Elizabeth Mathews Aviation English Services, Wellington, New Zealand Jeremy Mell French Embassy, Washington, DC Jim Mitchell University of Western Sydney, Penrith South, Australia Kjell Mjøs Norwegian University of Science and Technology,Oslo, Norway Brett Molesworth University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia David G. Newman Flight Medicine Systems PTY LTD, Victoria, Australia Jan Noyes University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Paul O’Connor National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland David O’Hare University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Esther Oprins Air Traffic Control Netherlands, Schiphol Airport, Netherlands Günther Ortmann Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Hamburg, Germany Christine Owen University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia Michal Pěchouček Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic Stefanie Petrie Luftwaffe Institute of Aviation Medicine, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany Andrew Potter Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Teemu Reiman VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Otaniemi, Finland Andrew N. Rider The Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Victoria , Australia Alfred Roelen National Aerospace Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jan Joris Roessingh National Aerospace Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jens Rolfsen Det Norske Veritas, Høvik, Norway Paul Roosens University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium Michael Siegrist Institute for Environmental Decisions, Zurich, Switzerland T. Leigh Signal Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand Adrian Smith Aeromedical Centre, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Richard H. Y. So University of Essex, Colchester, UK Manuel Soler Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain Sybert Stroeve NLR Air Transport Safety Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Shinji Suzuki University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Hakan Tarakci Melbourne Business School, Melbourne, Australia Steve Thatcher University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia M. “Mattie” Tops Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands Claudia van de Wal VALK Foundation, Netherlands Lucas van Gerwen VALK Foundation, Netherlands Leo Vermeulen University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Joachim Vogt Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany Anthony S. Wagstaff Institute of Aviation Medicine, Oslo, Norway Stephen Walsh Interaction Training Associates, Netherlands Mark Wiggins Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia Damien J. Williams University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Robert Wolfger Austrian Airlines, Strasshof, Austria Rogier Woltjer Linköping Institute of Technology, Linköping, Sweden Jin-Ru Yen National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC Beat Zimmermann Air Navigation Institute, Thun, Switzerland U.S.A. Robert I. Aceves St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN Vicki Ahlstrom FAA, William J. Hughes Technical Center, Atlantic City, NJ Amy Alexander Aptima, Inc., Woburn, MA Steve Anderson St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN Rick Anglemyer SCSI, Colorado Springs, CO Anthony R. Artino, Jr. Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD Francis “Frank” Ayers Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ Larry Bailey FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, OK Jack Barker Mach One Leadership, Miami, FL R. Kurt Barnhart Kansas State