Notes 1 Global Racisms and Racism in Russia: An Introduction 1. All translations from Russian and German are by the author unless otherwise indicated. 2. Sik became a prisoner of war of the Russians during World War One. He chose to stay in Russia after being released, joined the Soviet Communist Party in 1920, and lived as an Hungarian émigré in the Soviet Union until 1945, when he returned to Hungary. He later served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary from 1958 to 1961. 3. http://www.sova-center.ru/en/. 2 Race and Racism in the Russian Past 1. The film featured the following song by Pavel German: ‘Before all enemies are known / While at least one of them is still alive / Every honest and simple Soviet citizen / Has to be an NKVD officer (chekist). / Our fortresses are ever stronger / The chekists of today / Are all the 170 million / Of my Fatherland’s Patriots!’ 2. Stalin composed his Marksizm i natsional’nyi vopros [Marxism and the Nationalities Question] in opposition to Otto Bauer’s Die Nationalitätenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie. Bauer emphasized that ‘commonality of des- tiny’ defines national character (aus Schicksalsgemeinschaft erwachsende Charaktergemeinschaft), and he pointed to ‘commonality of origin’ and ‘natural heredity’ as the important factors in this regard. He nevertheless maintained that ‘cultural commonality’ is the factor which defines the repro- duction of national differences. Bauer’s position may be defined as cultural racism in the language used by some contemporary scholars of racism. 3 Race, Racialization and Racism: A New Theoretical Framework 1. Although only Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft is cited here, two different English translations are chosen to use, namely, Pluhar’s and the most recent Cambridge University Press edition. 4 Making Race in the Russian Academia 1. Valery Tishkov, former nationalities minister in Gaydar’s liberal govern- ment, is now the head of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Victor Shnirelman, the leading Russian specialist on racism, is employed at this Institute. 196 Notes 197 5 Rioting for Whiteness: Doing Race on the Squares of Moscow 1. Patriarch Kiril’s address is available at http://www.youtube.com/watch? feature=player_embeddedandv=Hss82_YfpVM. 2. Chairman of the Synodal Department for Church and Society Interaction of the Moscow Patriarchate. 6 Becoming Racial: Race as a New Form of Inequality 1. In the late Soviet period, this identified a category of temporary residents without permanent propiska (right to housing allocation) who worked in manual and low-skilled jobs. 7 Geopolitics of Racism and the Nation-Building Processes 1. Sergey Sergeev (2010, p. 250), one of the ideologists of Russian nationalism, justifies the necessity of using the work of ‘non-Russian’ thinkers by the need for ‘national pragmatism’. He states that ‘National pragmatism’, whether we want it or not, is not someone’s evil ‘intellectual subversion’, but rather the imperative of our times. That is why ‘blood’, ‘power’, and ‘money’ come to the fore. Who knows, perhaps one day we will return to Aleksei Khomiakov and Nikolai Losskiy, but now Carl Schmitt and Pierre Bourdieu are more important for us. Among our own authors, perhaps only Danilevsky and Leontiev in their most ruthless and anti-Romantic fragments are now important. One of the most famous sayings of Nikolay Danilevsky – ‘Neither true modesty, nor true pride can allow Russia to consider itself European’. – could serve as the epigraph for this book. The Slavophil Konstantin Aksakov wrote that ‘The Russian people is not a people; it is humanity; it is a people only because it is surrounded by peoples with exclusively national essences, and its humanity is therefore represented by nationality’ (as quoted in Riasanovsky 2005, p. 252). 2. Putin (2012a) writes that ‘[E]thnic Russians have never, not in any emigra- tion, formed stable national diasporas, despite having a significant quantita- tive and qualitative presence, because our identity has a different cultural code. Russian people are nation-forming – on the basis of Russia’s existence. The great mission of Russians is to unite and bind our civilization. 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